| Gut microbiota are important for the health and development of giant pandas(Ailuropoda melanoleuca).To investigate the bamboo influence the giant panda gut microbiota,how bamboo influence the giant panda gut microbiota and the function of giant panda gut bacterial communities,the variation of gut microbiota in giant panda during diet conversions(milk,milk and bamboo,bamboo as main diet)were analyzed by using high-throughput sequencing.Four different bamboo species were chosen for feeding the giant pandas,and nutrients of bamboo were examined,in addition the bamboo microbiome and gut microbiota of giant panda were investigated using high throughput sequencing.Correlation analysis was conducted between bamboo‘ nutrition and giant panda gut microbiome,in addition the association between bamboo‘ microbiota and giant panda gut microbiota.Moreover,the Metagenome Assembled Genomes(MAGs)of giant panda gut bacterial communities was analyzed by using metagenomic binning,and explore the function.The gut microbial communities of giant pandas were more similar when their hosts exhibited the same diets.Examined in bacterial communities.Bamboo diets significantly increased the diversity and decreased the richness of gut bacterial communities in giant pandas(p < 0.05).At the phylum level,the relative abundance of Firmicutes significantly increased with bamboo consumption,from 7.9 % to16.8 %.At the genus level,the relative abundance of Streptococcus increased remarkably from 5.8 % to 7.1 %.Besides,the abundances of Pseudomonas,Enterococcus,Lactococcus,Acinetobacter,and Clostridium had positive association of bamboo consumption(p<0.05).Examined in fungal communities.The relative abundance of Basidiomycota phylum significantly increased with bamboo consumption,from 5.8% to 7.1%.At the genus level,the abundances of Cystofilobasidium,Guehomyces and Gibberella had positive association of bamboo consumption,while the abundances of Candida had negative association.The composition of gut microbiome in giant panda varied among groups with different bamboo diet.Except for fat and hemicellulose,cellulose,lignin,carbohydrate,protein,flavone and tannin were significantly different between different bamboo species(p<0.05).Significant differences in richness and diversity of bacteria were observed between different bamboo(p<0.05),as well as the abundance of the main bacteria and fungi at phylum and genus level(Kruskal-Wallis,LDA>4).Interestingly,the content of lignin and cellulose in bamboo was positively associated with the relative abundance of Streptococcus and Clostridium in gut of giant panda,respectively(p<0.05).The diversity of bamboo bacteria was positively correlated with that of gut bacteria in giant panda(p<0.05).Significant associations of certain bacteria and fungi between bamboo and gut of giant panda(p<0.05)were found.36 bacterial and 54 fungal genera were both shared between bamboo and the gut of giant panda in all groups.A total of 22 high-quality MAGs were obtained from metagenomics binning analysis.including Streptococcus,Pseudomonas,Lactobacillus,Enterococcus,Lactococcus,and Acinetobacter.Streptococcus,Pseudomonas,Lactobacillus,Enterococcus,Lactococcus,and Acinetobacter had genes that encoding cellulose,hemicellulose and lignin degradation enzymes based on KEGG and CAZy database.In particular,these encoding cellulose enzymes could constitute the pathway of cellulose degraded the glucose.Overall,our results indicated that bamboo introduced in giant panda diet could promote its gut core microbes recombination in species and the relative abundance.This may due to bamboo could drive giant panda gut microbiota through the nutrition and microbiota,especially bacterial communities.In addition,Streptococcus,Pseudomonas,Lactobacillus,Enterococcus,Lactococcus and Acinetobacter may potential cellulose decomposing bacteria.The synergy of these genera may contribute to degrade lignin,hemicellulose and cellulose of bamboo and provide energy for giant panda. |
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