Species Diversity Of Terrestrial Vertebrates In Wulingyuan District,Zhangjiajie City,Hunan Province

China is rich in biodiversity resources,but with the rapid development of modernization,the intensity and scope of human activities have expanded,leading to a decline in the number of many species.Therefore,it is urgent to strengthen the conservation and research of species diversity.Wulingyuan natural scenic area in Zhangjiajie City was approved as a world natural heritage site in 1992,and is also one of the priority protection areas for biodiversity.It belongs to the Wuling Mountains,including the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park and the scenic spots of Suoxiyu,Tianzishan and Yangjiajie.It has a large area of natural secondary forests and rare plant communities.Its superior geographical location and climatic conditions have created unique natural conditions,making Wuling Yuan an important habitat for wildlife.In order to meet the needs of World Natural Heritage conservation and to accurately and comprehensively master the resources of terrestrial wild vertebrates in Wulingyuan District,this research investigated the terrestrial vertebrates in Wulingyuan District.The data of this study comes from the filed survey I participated in(the investigation of amphibian and reptile diversity in the northeast Hunan area of Wuling Mountain biodiversity priority area from 2019 to 2020 and the field survey of biodiversity in Wulingyuan District in 2022)and the historical survey project(the investigation of terrestrial vertebrate background resources in Wulingyuan District from 2015 to 2019).The survey method mainly used sample line method,sample layout method,infrared camera trap method and interview survey method,etc.Finally,the data was collated to provide a detailed analysis of terrestrial vertebrate diversity in Wulingyuan District and propose conservation measures.The main results are as follows:(1)Species composition:The actual survey in Wulingyuan area recorded a total of 340 species,belonging to 4 classes,29 orders and 99 families,including 2 order,8 families and 36 species of amphibians;2 order,15 families and 49 species of reptiles;17 orders,54 families and 212 species of birds;8 orders,22 families and 43 species of mammals.(2)Floristic characteristics:222 species belong to Oriental realm,accounting for 65.29%of the total number of species;followed by the Palearctic realm and widely distributed species,with 71 and 47 species respectively.(3)Rare and protected species:There are 50 species of national key protected wildlife,including 7 species of national first level protected wildlife,43 species of national secondary level key protected wildlife.There are 212 species belonging to"The list of terrestrial wildlife of important ecological,scientific and social valve" and 170 species belonging to local key protected species in Hunan Province.(4)Bird residence types:A total of 212 species of birds were recorded in Wulingyuan District.Resident birds accounted for 56.61%of the total bird species with 120 species;followed by 44 species of winter migratory birds;35 species of summer migratory birds;the fewest were 13 species of travelling birds.(5)Ecological groups:Analysis of the ecological groups of amphibians shows that the most species are flowing water type,with 12 species,accounting for 33.33%of the total number of amphibians,followed by 11 terrestrial-hydrostatic species,5 terrestrialhydrostatic species,and 4 species of both hydrostatic and arboreal types.An analysis of the ecological groups of bird fauna shows that songbirds predominate,with 130 species,accounting for 61.32%of the total number of birds,followed by climbers,raptors,wading birds,land birds and wading birds,accounting for 12.74%,10.38%,8.49%,4.25%and 2.36%respectively.(6)According to the Shannon-Weinner diversity index,Pielou evenness index and Simpson dominance index,the second round of investigation and analysis,the difference between mammals and other 3 groups was the largest,while the dominance index of birds was the highest.Secondly,according to the analysis of bird community structure in different habitats in the second round of investigation,the three indexes of broad-leaved forest,mixed coniferous forest,coniferous forest and shrub 4 habitats were higher,followed by rivers,cultivated land,residential areas,grasslands and lakes,and again sparse forests and swamps.At present,there are still some problems in the area,such as serious interference of tourism,habitat fragmentation,illegal hunting and so on.Therefore,corresponding protection countermeasures are put forward:① to protect the species habitat,especially to carry out special monitoring on the national secondary key protected animals,such as macaque and giant salamander;② to improve the ecological compensation mechanism;③ to improve the management system and implement the management responsibility;④ to strengthen education and publicity,standardize the behavior of tourists;⑤ to strengthen the law enforcement,strictly investigate and punish illegal acts.