| Patulin is a fungal secondary metabolite that can cause a variety of toxicity in animals,including cytotoxicity,neurotoxicity and genotoxicity.Patulin exists in many kinds of fruits,most commonly in apples and their products,posing risks to consumers’ health.Therefore,it is necessary to control the pollution of patulin and alleviate its toxicity after ingestion.In our study,the contamination of patulin in fruit juices sold in China was investigated,and Caenorhabditis elegans was used as an animal model to study the mitigation effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae KD on patulin toxicity and its relevant mechanism.The main findings are as follows:(1)The contamination of patulin in 74 fruit juice samples in the Chinese market in 2020 was investigated.The occurrence of patulin was 16.2%,the exceedance rate was 4.1%,and the average content of patulin was 5.4 μg /L.(2)The mechanism of S.cerevisiae KD alleviating patulin-induced oxidative stress in C.elegans was studied,and it was found that S.cerevisiae KD can effectively control the patulin-induced oxidative stress damage by regulating the IGF-1 signaling pathway to control the redox levels in C.elegans.Patulin posed obvious toxicity to worms.As the exposure concentration of patulin increases,the survival rate,head swing and body bending ability of worms decreased significantly,and the accumulation of lipofuscin in worms increased.Pre-feeding activated S.cerevisiae KD cells can significantly alleviate the physiological toxicity of patulin to worms,and the survival rate of worms increased by 15.9% compared with the control group which Escherichia coli OP feeding.In addition,the results of oxidative stress-related fluorescent probes showed that activated S.cerevisiae KD effectively controlled the levels of reactive oxygen species and superoxide anion free radicals in worms induced by patulin,compared with the control group,and reduced the consumption of glutathione by 55.3%,maintaining the overall redox balance of worms.Finally,the expression of IGF-1 signaling pathway was analyzed by realtime quantitative PCR,and it was found that S.cerevisiae KD treatment up-regulated the expression of sod-3,daf-2 and other anti-oxidative stress genes in the wild strain of worms.In daf-2 mutant worms,S.cerevisiae KD treatment up-regulated the expression of skn-1,sod-3 and daf-16 related anti-oxidative stress genes.(3)S.cerevisiae KD alleviated the intestinal damage induced by patulin in C.elegans.We confirmed that S.cerevisiae KD can reduce the accumulation of patulin in worms and regulate the expression of intestinal development-related genes,thereby alleviating the intestinal injury induced by patulin.Observation of colony and microscopic morphology confirmed S.cerevisiae KD colonization in C.elegans.Transmission electron microscopy revealed patulin’s destruction of the nematode intestine’s microvilli and epithelial cells,disrupting its normal structure.However,the intestine of the worms fed with S.cerevisiae KD group recovered its normal morphology.We found that S.cerevisiae KD intervention can effectively reduce the accumulation of patulin in worms.Finally,the expression of act-1 and par-6 genes related to intestinal development was analyzed,and it was found that S.cerevisiae KD had an improvement excellent effect on the intestinal damage induced by patulin at the molecular level.Conclusion: The contamination of commercially available fruit juice by patulin cannot be ignored,threatening food safety and consumer health.S.cerevisiae KD has a significant mitigation effect on patulin-induced oxidative injury and intestinal damage effect.The results of this topic will help to broaden the research and application of probiotic yeast in alleviating the toxicity of patulin and other mycotoxins. |
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