| The unexpected dimming of type la supernova(SNIa)indicates that the expansion of the universe is accelerating.In the framework of Einstein’s general relativity,one way to explain this acceleration phenomenon is to introduce a material component with negative pressure into the universe,the so-called dark energy.In addition,another possible explanation for the luminosity dimming of supernovae comes from the opacity of the universe.The cosmic accelerated expansion rate and cosmological parameters determined by supernova luminosity distance(LD)are highly dependent on this extinction effect.Therefore,in the era of accurate cosmology,the detection of cosmic opacity is very important to limit the behavior of dark energy and cosmological parameters.Since the existing supernova observations,baryon acoustic oscillation(BAO),galaxy clusters and Hubble data are mainly concentrated in the low redshift region 0<z<2,the existing detection of cosmic opacity is mainly limited to the low redshift region.Then,the cosmic opacity in the redshift region between SNIa and cosmic microwave background(CMB)observations remains to be explored.Nowadays,the electromagnetic radiation generated during the merger of double neutron stars is called the electromagnetic counterpart of gravitational waves,such as gravitational waves(GW)GRB170817 and GRB170817A,marking the arrival of the "multi messenger"era of observational cosmology.Since the photometric distance given by gravitational wave observation has nothing to do with the transparency of the universe,and the redshift of gravitational wave detection in the future can be as high as z～10,and the redshift of gamma ray burst observation can be as high as z～8,the future observation of gravitational wave,supernova and gamma ray burst provides the possibility for us to detect the opacity of the higher redshift range of the universe,which is the main research content of this paper.This paper mainly focuses our research content on the following aspects.Firstly,in the introduction,we briefly introduce the research background of cosmic opacity and the main research content of this paper.Secondly,the background knowledge of cosmology is introduced from the principles of modern cosmology and standard universe model.This chapter also briefly understands the cosmological distance and the method of distance measurement.In addition,this chapter also introduces the relevant knowledge of gravitational wave and cosmic distance duality relation.Then,we introduce the astronomical observation data of studying cosmic opacity,and summarize the relevant research literature from two methods of studying cosmic opacity(model dependent method and model independent method).Finally,the main research content of this paper is described,that is,the potential of standard alarm to detect the high redshift opacity of the universe.We use Gaussian process to reconstruct the continuous function of photometric distance from the data of gravitational wave observation or the combination of SNIa data and gamma ray burst(GRB)data.Then,we compare the photometric distance between the joint data of SNIa(Pantheon)and GRBs and the simulated GW data,so as to explore the potential of future gravitational wave observation to detect the cosmic opacity under high redshift.Among them,the simulation of gravitational wave data points comes from the future Einstein telescope(ET)detection plan.In order to avoid the inconsistency between the data of SNIa and GRB observation systems,we are simulate the observation data of SNIa and GRB respectively.The redshift and illuminance distance error of the simulated SNIa and GRB data come from the current observation data,while the illuminance distance comes from the standard cosmological model.Then,we adopt two parameterized formsτ(z)=2εz and τ(z)=(1+z)2ε-1 methods for optical depth τ(z),and limit the parameters ε through chi square statistics.The results show that under 1σ the confidence level,the error bar of cosmic opacity constraint can be reduced to σε～0.004.This conclusion is at least 30%smaller than the results obtained in the GW data simulated in the low red area and other observation data.Then,we use a nonparametric method to test the spatial uniformity of cosmic transparency.The results show that the best fitting value of cosmic opacity changes with the increase of redshift,and there is no deviation from the transparent universe in 1σ reliability.Therefore,it can be concluded that if the gravitational wave detector can be carried out according to the expectation of ET plan,the future observation of gravitational wave will not only provide us with the opportunity to study the spatial uniformity of cosmic opacity under high redshift,but also play an important role in detecting cosmic opacity. |
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