Study On The Release Behaviors Of Ag And TiO₂ Nanoparticles In Fabrics

The addition of silver nanoparticles（Ag NPs）or titanium dioxide nanoparticles（TiO₂NPs）is favored in the textile industry because it can significantly improve the antibacterial and UV resistance properties of textiles.However,nanoparticles added to textiles can fall off and may enter the body when in contact with the human body,posing a health hazard.Therefore,developing methods that can monitor the release behavior of Ag and TiO₂NPs in fabrics（particle composition,size,and concentration）is of great significance for assessing their harmfulness.It has been proved that conventional techniques such as electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering cannot obtained the chemical composition,size and concentration of nanoparticles simultaneously.The single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（SP-ICP-MS）technique has attracted attention due to its ability to obtain the above characteristics of particles simultaneously.However,this method has not been systematically developed in studying the release behavior of nanoparticles,especially for TiO₂NPs in fabrics.In order to evaluate the safety of fabrics added with nanoparticles,this paper developed a method for accurately detecting Ag NPs and TiO₂NPs based on SP-ICP-MS technology,and studied their release behavior in specific fabrics as follows:The release behavior of Ag NPs from fabrics in water and sweat was studied.Firstly,the mass calibration was performed using Ag⁺standard samples in standard mode,and the particle transport efficiency was calculated using a standard sample of 50 nm Ag NPs.A method for detecting Ag NPs based on SP-ICP-MS was established.In the method,the transport efficiency of Ag NPs is 16.36%,the detection limits of size and concentration are 17 nm and 1.79×10⁶ particle/L,respectively.The recovery rate of spiking is95.28～107.94%.The RSD of precision,stability,and repeatability were all less than 5%,indicating that the method has good accuracy and reproducibility.Then,the release behavior of Ag NPs antibacterial masks in water and sweat was studied based on the method.The size of Ag NPs released in water was 20-100 nm,and the concentration was86.39μg/L.Because Cl^-in sweat can promote the conversion of Ag NPs to Ag⁺,only2.98μg/L of 60-100 nm Ag NPs are released in sweat.Although there is a risk of Ag NPs released from water and sweat entering cells and nuclei,the released amount is far lower than the toxic dose of 10⁵μg/L of skin contact.The release behavior of TiO₂NPs from fabrics in water and sweat was studied.Since there is no commercially available TiO₂ standard dispersion,this study also uses50 nm Ag NPs as a standard sample to calculate particle transport efficiency,and uses SP-ICP-MS to detect 40 nm TiO₂ powder.The average size of TiO₂ measured is 43±3nm,confirming the feasibility of using Ag NPs as a standard sample to determine TiO₂NPs.On this basis,a method for detecting TiO₂NPs based on SP-ICP-MS was established.The particle transport efficiencies of water and 1%sweat in the method were17.01%and 14.42%,respectively.The detection limits for the size and concentration of TiO₂NPs were 19 nm and 2.38×10⁵ particle/L,respectively.The spiked recovery was93.38～109.82%.The RSD for precision,stability,and repeatability were all less than5%,indicating that the method had good accuracy and reproducibility.Using this method,the release behavior of TiO₂NPs in functional yarns in water and sweat was studied.Unlike Ag NPs,TiO₂NPs do not convert to Ti⁴⁺.The size of TiO₂NPs released by yarns in the two media is similar,with an average size of 136 nm in water and 133 nm in sweat,and a particle size distribution range of 60-260 nm.The accuracy of the results was confirmed by TEM EDS.TiO₂NPs smaller than 100 nm are at risk of entering the cells.Due to the higher absolute value of Zeta potential in sweat release fluid,the total amount of TiO₂NPs released in sweat is greater.The concentrations of TiO₂NPs released in water and sweat were 93.80μg/L and 120.24μg/L,respectively,significantly lower than the toxic dose of 10⁵μg/L in vitro exposure.This study provides data support for the release behavior of nanoparticles in fabrics,which helps human evaluate the toxicological effects of consumer goods modified with nanoparticles on human health.