Study On Spatio-temporal Evolution And Formation Mechanism Of Enshi Pengjiazhai Settlement

Pengjiazhai is located at the northern foot of Wuling Mountain and the southwestern border of Hubei Province.It is a typical representative of the traditional Tujia settlements,which are inhabited by Tujia,Han and Miao ethnic groups.Its unique landscape pattern created an isolated living environment for the settlement and gave birth to the profound Tujia regional culture.The architectural form,geomantic omen pattern and cultural history of the settlement reflect the harmonious coexistence between man and nature,which is an important part of the Tujia ethnic culture and the stilted building culture in western Hubei.Under the background of accelerated rural revitalization and urbanization,the traditional settlements in western Hubei have been affected by modern culture and become seriously homogenized.This study mainly discusses the formation mechanism of Pengjiazhai settlement,analyzes how the settlement adapts to the development of historical environment,and provides reference for the protection and optimization of traditional villages in western Hubei.In order to study the driving factors of the morphological evolution of Pengjiazhai Village,the paper divides the study into three parts: the sorting out of the morphological evolution of the settlement,the analysis of the formation mechanism and the summary of the evolutionary model.Based on ancient books and records,the study of morphological evolution analyzed the morphological development of settlements from the three aspects of residential scale,settlement scale and landscape scale,sorted out the influence of population change,architectural form and village layout on settlement form in different periods,and systematically investigated the decisive factors of morphological evolution of Pengjiazhai.According to the evolution process of settlement morphology,the formation mechanism is divided into three periods: formation period,development period and maturity period.Using the DPSIR "driving-response" analysis framework,this paper classifies the driving factors(D),pressure effect(P),settlement state(S),restriction influence(I)and cultural response(R)in the three periods,analyzes the influences of geographical environment,political economy and national culture factors on settlement development in different periods,and summarizes the settlement internalization mechanism and externalization mechanism.The evolution model of Pengjiazhai settlement is summarized.The conclusions are as follows:(1)In the evolution process of Pengjiazhai settlement,there are differences in settlements at different stages.In the formative period,due to the influence of geographical isolation,a state of isolation was formed,and the settlement faced the pressure of population reduction,resource utilization and cultural development.Under the influence of technological and cultural limitations,the settlements believed in natural totems and formed dispersed natural settlements.In the development period,due to the influence of population migration and trade development,the mixed state of the Turkey-Han people was formed,and the settlement faced the pressure of population expansion and cultural competition.Under the influence of cultural convergence and the cognitive level of indigenous people,the development from differentiation to integration has been formed.Influenced by Confucianism and Taoism,the settlement residents formed the idea of clan.In the mature period,under the influence of the clan field system and clan culture,the integration of local and Chinese cultures was formed.Settlements face ecological and ethnic competition pressures.Under the influence of residents’ spiritual beliefs and ecological constraints,Pengjiazhai settlements continue to gather and shrink,forming a cluster of stilted buildings in the form of clans.(2)Pengjiazhai settlement has complexity and hierarchy,which is the organic product of self-organization selection and other organization decision under the comprehensive action of geographical environment,political economy and national culture.In different periods,under the influence of the dominant factors,the settlement form changed constantly.The formative period was influenced by geographical isolation,and the geographical environment determined the location of the settlement,which was the dominant factor.During the development period,migration and trade were frequent,and the driving force of geographical environment gradually weakened.Political and economic factors promoted the economic development and technological progress of the settlement,and became the dominant factor in the development period.With the passage of time,the driving force gradually increases and becomes the dominant factor in the maturity period.(3)The evolution of Pengjiazhai settlement has experienced three stages: isolation,differentiation and integration,and the settlement culture has formed an evolutionary process from isolation to integration.This development mode of the common evolution of settlement culture and material provides a useful reference for the protection and inheritance of traditional settlements in western Hubei,and is of great significance for the in-depth study of the change of spatial form of traditional settlements in Southwest Hubei.