Modification Of Organometallic Halide Perovskite Solar Cells And Its Proton Radiation Effect

With the rapid development of commercial spaceflight,the application of space solar cells is becoming more and more widespread and has become an important development direction for the photovoltaic industry.Metal halide chalcogenide has become a strong candidate for space solar cell material because of its excellent photoelectric properties,such as high light absorption coefficient,high carrier diffusion coefficient,long carrier lifetime,excellent radiation resistance and compatibility with flexible substrates.The development of metal halide chalcogenide solar cells in just a few years,its photoelectric conversion efficiency（PCE）has increased from the initial3.8%to 25.7%,making great progress,and the conversion efficiency has met the requirements of commercialization.However,the sensitivity of chalcogenide to water,oxygen and temperature has led to its poor stability,which has become a key factor limiting its commercial application.Doping and interface engineering are currently effective measures to improve the stability of chalcogenide cells.In this paper,crown ether and potassium metal complexes are used as additives to passivate the defects at the interface between chalcogenide and electron transport layer,reduce non-radiative complexes,and improve the conversion efficiency and stability of chalcogenide cells.Meanwhile,trimethylsilane(C₆H₁₆Si)is used as an additive for the calcium titanite absorber layer to further improve the efficiency and stability of the calcium titanite cell.In addition,we investigated the spatial anti-irradiation performance of the chalcogenide cell to explore the effect of proton irradiation on the device performance.Specific studies were carried out in the following aspects.（1）The experimental benchmark of high efficiency,high reproducibility,good film formation quality and good stability was determined by modulating the components to increase the base efficiency to more than 20%.Then,the conversion efficiency and stability of the calcium titanite cells were improved through the strategy of additives or passivation layers.（2）By introducing complexes of octadecyl crown ether VI（18C6）and potassium ions（K⁺）at the interface between the electron transport layer（Sn O₂）and the calcium titanite absorber layer of formal structured calcium titanite solar cells,the defects at the interface are passivated by chemical interactions such as strong electrostatic attraction between the 18C6&K⁺complexes and metal cations such as Pb^2+.Among them,the matching of K⁺and 18C6 cavity sizes form a complex that prevents the diffusion of K⁺ions,which in turn prevents the formation of phases such as KBr and reduces the decomposition of chalcogenide films.The absorption spectra,TR-PL curves,XPS peaks and photovoltaic parameters show that the doping of 18C6&K⁺can effectively improve the efficiency of the chalcogenide solar cells,with the maximum efficiency increasing from 20.26%（reference cell,without 18C6&K⁺complex）to 21.57%（with18C6&K⁺complex）.Meanwhile,by comparing the stability of the chalcogenide solar cells with and without 18C6&K⁺complex,the 550-hour storage stability was improved from 70%to over 90%,further verifying the effect of 18C6&K⁺complex passivation on device stability enhancement.The experiment proves that 18C6&K⁺complex passivation is an effective way to improve the performance of formally structured chalcogenide cells.（3）The use of C₆H₁₆Si as a doping passivator for the chalcogenide absorber layer effectively improves the performance of chalcogenide cells.The experimental results showed that the introduction of C₆H₁₆Si into FAI and Pb I₂ precursor solutions reduced the defect density of the chalcogenide films,promoted carrier migration,and suppressed non-radiative complexation,while improving the decomposition resistance of chalcogenide crystals and the water and thermal stability of metal halide chalcogenides.Among all the modified chalcogenide films,the ammonium-treated C6H16Si devices still maintain the original 94%efficiency after aging for 1000 h under the corresponding dry air conditions,with the least loss of conversion efficiency.The highest photoelectric conversion efficiency（PCE）of 22.67%was obtained,and Jsc,Voc and FF reached 25.015 m A/cm²,1.11V and 81.439%,respectively.In the control group,PCE,Jsc,Voc and FF were 21.52%,24.506 m A/cm²,1.09V and 80.53%,respectively.（4）Proton irradiation experiments were carried out after encapsulation of calcium titanite solar cells using different materials（50 Me V）to study the relationship between the main photovoltaic parameters of the cell devices and the change of radiation injection after encapsulation of different materials.The results show that with the increase of proton radiation injection,the PCE,and Jsc have the same decay trend,mainly because these two photovoltaic parameters are more sensitive to proton irradiation.The sensitivity of Jsc to proton irradiation is more sensitive due to the influence of the structure and instability of chalcogenide,and the fact that the absorbance of chalcogenide decreases with the degradation of irradiation after irradiation,and the sensitivity of Voc and FF to proton irradiation is weaker.50 Me V proton radiation experiments with different injection amounts show a relatively stable state,which indicates that PSCs have good anti-irradiation performance.