The Phylogeny Of The Hemiptera Inferred From The Transcriptome Data

Hemiptera,the largest non-holometabolous order of insects,represents approximately 7%of metazoan diversity.With the extraordinary life histories and the highly specialized morphological adaptations,hemipterans have exploited diverse habitats and food sources through approximately 300 Myr of evolution.We conducted phylogenetic analyses by using two strategies(i.e.superMatrix and supertree)for 157 hemipteran insects and 7 outgroups(three for Thysanoptera and four for Orthoptera).Software BUSCO was used to extract single copy genes.Software MAFFT was used to perform multiple sequence alignment of the extracted single copy genes.After alignment,use TRimAL to delete low-quality sequences.Finally,Perl script FASConCAT-g v1.04 was used to construct the most Comprehensive hemiptera transcriptome data matrix.The data set includes 2,388 single-copy protein-coding genes.In order to address the problems leading to the incongruence between genes,we performed the data filtering and used various data Matrices designed to explore the relationships within the Hemiptera.BaCoCa was used to test the heterogeneity of the matrix composition and deleted the non-compliant the SRH(stationary,reversible,and homogeneous)sites,and use Python scripts to generate matrices with different integrity.In phylogenetic analysis,two phylogenetic analysis strategies of supermatrix and supertree were used to construct the phylogenetic relationship of the hemiptera,and then provide systematic support for the evolution of this group.The following experimental results are obtained:Phylgenetic relationships in the Hemiptera,except that the supertree constructed by matrix90 using ASTRAL didn’t support Auchenorrhyncha being a monophyletic group,all other analysis results provided the well resolved phylogeny of Coleorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha.At the same time,the monophyly of Stemorrhyncha,Coleorrhyncha,Auchenorrhyncha Heteroptera and Heteroptera within the whole Hemiptera has also been strongly supported.In the Sternorrhyncha,all superfamily have been recovered monophyly.The superfamily Aleyrodoidea are the sister group of all other superfamilies,and the clade of Coccoidea and Aphidoidea form sister group to Psylloidea.In the suborder Auchenorrhyncha,all superfamilies were also recovered monophyly.Fulgoromorpha and Cicadomorpha were sister group.The clade composed of Cicadoidea and Cercopoidea are closely related to Membracoidea.In the Heteroptera,our sampling only covered 10 superfamilies.Except for the superfamily Cimicoidea and Lygaeoidea which are considered to be non-monophyletic group,the other 8 superfamilies were also recovered to monophyletic groups.Gerroidea were the most basic branch of the Heteroptera.The superfamily Nepoidea formed a sister group relationship with 8 other superfamily except Gerroidea.The clade composed of Reduvioidea,Cimicoidea with Tingoidea and the branch formed by Aradoide,Pentatomoidea,Lygaeoidea,Pyrrhocoroidea and Coreoidea formed sister groups.