Diversity Analysis Of Active Components In Main Cultivated Ganoderma Varieties In China

Ganoderma,an oriental fungus,has a long history of use for promoting health and longevity in China,Japan,and other Asian countries.Modern pharmacological studies have proved that some compounds contained in Ganoderma can play a preventive and therapeutic role in human hypertension,hepatitis,and diabetes.Apart from being a traditional Chinese herbal medicine,Ganoderma is a popular health product in China.The recent pilot study of Ganoderma as a dual-purpose fungus for medicine and food will significantly accelerate the industry’s development.Confusion exists in the current Ganoderma industry over the manufacturing and application of Ganoderma strains.Numerous homonymy and heteronomy occurrences contribute to the misunderstanding of the quality and yield of grown Ganoderma,mislead product use,and introduce hidden threats to the development of the Ganoderma industry.A total of 150 cultivated Ganoderma strains were gathered around the country.Then their classification and effective component characteristics were analyzed using whole-genome resequencing,followed by statistical analysis of morphological characteristics and cluster analysis of the chemical composition,which has theoretical significance for the classification and identification of Ganoderma strains and can also serve as a guide for Ganoderma breeding and product application.Using the whole genome sequencing method,150 strains were divided into 7clusters by comparing with the reference genome of G.lingzhi.Cluster groups were also classified using population principal component analysis,evolutionary tree construction,and the population differentiation index calculation.G.lingzhi is identified as the most widely cultivated Ganoderma variant in China.The cultivation of fruiting bodies and the morphological properties of the collected strains were studied.These strains were cultivated in small areas covered with dirt under standardized culture conditions,followed by harvesting the fruiting bodies.According to the morphological characteristics of fruiting bodies,the strains were divided into five groups by the R-language hierarchical clustering method.The grouping results were weakly correlated with the seven cluster groups of molecular grouping.The morphological characteristics of fruiting bodies in the Ganoderma group were found to be varied,which could be due to genetic variations across strains.The diversity of effective components of fruiting bodies formed by each strain was studied.Phenol sulfuric acid colorimetry and vanillin perchloric acid colorimetry was used to determine the contents of crude polysaccharides and total triterpenes in the fruiting bodies.The relative content and species of triterpenoids in the fruiting body were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Based on the measured compounds,hierarchical clustering,PCA,and correlation heat map were analyzed by R language.Cluster analysis of strains based on chemical composition was found to be feasible.Next,150 samples were classified into four clusters using PCA,and the grouping findings showed consistency with the molecular identification results.It was determined that the basis for the chemical grouping was 12 triterpenoids: Ganoderic acid GS-1,Ganoderenic acid A,Ganoderenic acid D,Ganolucidic acid A,Ganoderic acid A,Leucocontextin K,Ganoderic acid K,Leanolic acid,Ganoderic acid V,Eucocontextin L,Cucurbitacin A,Tsugaric acid A.A distance discrimination method was developed to determine whether the unknown strain is G.lingzhi using the relative amount and species of triterpenoids.This study reveals the diversity of domestic cultivated Ganoderma from three aspects: gene sequence,morphological characteristics,and component composition through the collection of Ganoderma strain resources,the classification and identification of whole-genome re-sequencing analysis methods,fruiting body morphological analysis,and cluster analysis of effective component characteristics,which will help to solve the problems caused by G.lingzhi confusion in China’s market and help the healthy development of the Ganoderma industry.