Study On The Long-term Drinking Hydrogen-rich Water Provides Hepatoprotection Against Chronic Inflammation In Rats

Chronic inflammation is an important factor in the development of various chronic diseases in animals and humans including obesity,hoof laminitis,chronic respiratory failure,diabetes and malignancy,where chronic inflammation is directly related to the progressive development of liver fibrosis,cirrhosis and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma.Current studies have shown that hydrogen-rich water has biological effects such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects,but there are no reports on the protective effects of long-term hydrogen-rich water consumption on liver damage caused by chronic inflammation.Therefore,the purpose of this experiment is to investigate the protective effect of long-term consumption of hydrogen-rich water on the liver of rats with chronic inflammation and its mechanism through long-term consumption of hydrogen-rich water in an animal model of chronic inflammation.To provide a theoretical basis and new alternative preventive and therapeutic approaches for mitigating chronic inflammatory liver injury in veterinary clinical and human clinical practice.Forty-eight rats were divided into four groups: control group(C group),hydrogen-enriched water group(H group),hydrogen-enriched water treatment group(HL group)and lipopolysaccharide group(L group).The rats in groups H and HL were fed with hydrogen-rich water for eight months.At the beginning of the eighth month,rats in the L and HL groups were injected with lipopolysaccharide(200 μg/kg)in the tail vein once a week for four weeks.Blood was drawn weekly from the tail vein of the rats for blood cell counts.Rats were executed at the end of the eighth month.The microstructure and ultrastructure of rat liver were analyzed by HE section and electron microscopy observation,the kit and ELISA calculation were used to analyze the liver function and inflammation level,immunofluorescence was used to compare the liver ROS level and TUNEL apoptosis level in each group,and immunoblotting and q PCR were used to study the mitochondria-related functions and kinetics,endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS),apoptosis-related factors expression levels.The results show that: Chronic inflammation leads to pathological histological changes in the liver.Inflammatory cell infiltration was seen in the L group,with disruption of hepatic lobular structures and nuclear lysis seen in some hepatocytes,and inflammatory cell infiltration was significantly reduced in the HL group compared to the L group.Analysis of inflammation-related factor expression showed that chronic inflammation leads to increased levels of inflammatory factors IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α,IL-10 and CRP.Significantly lower levels of inflammatory factors and CRP in the HL group and significantly higher levels of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 than in the L group.Comparison of the levels of oxidative stress-related factors SOD,CAT,GSH-px,MDA and reactive oxygen species(ROS)showed that chronic inflammation increased the level of oxidative stress in the body and increased the level of ROS in vivo,and that oxidative stress was more severe in the L group than in the HL group.Apoptosis-related factor analysis and TUNEL analysis showed that chronic inflammation increased the level of apoptosis in the rat organism,and HL showed significantly enhanced anti-apoptotic ability compared to the L group,with Bax,TNFR1,Cytc,Caspase-8,Caspase-3and Caspase-9 significantly higher in the L group and anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 significantly lower than in the HL group.Chronic inflammation damages mitochondria within hepatocytes,causing disruption of mitochondrial function and structure.Comparative analysis of the levels of mitochondrial biosynthesis-related factors PGC-1α,Nrf1,Tfam and ATP showed that mitochondrial biosynthetic function was improved in the HL group compared with the L group.The levels of mitochondrial fusion factors Mfn1,Mfn2,OPA1 were found to be significantly higher in the HL group than in the L group,and the levels of mitochondrial division factors FAS1 and Drp1 were significantly lower than in the L group,and the mitochondrial dynamics of rats in the HL group was superior to that of the L group.Analysis of ERS-related factors CHOP,GRP78 and Caspase-12 showed that chronic inflammation triggers ERS in rat organisms,and ERS levels were significantly lower in rats in the HL group than the rats in the L group.The experimental results showed that long-term HRW consumption reduced structural damage to the liver and improved liver function by improving mitochondrial biosynthetic function and mitochondrial dynamics in rats liver with chronic inflammation,reducing ROS overflow in mitochondria,decreasing oxidative stress levels,and enhancing anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis,thus achieving a hepatoprotective effect on the liver of rats with chronic inflammation.