| With the development of traditional Chinese medicine industry and the increasing number of traditional Chinese medicine enterprises,the processing of traditional Chinese medicine residue has become a problem that must be faced.There are a lot of medicinal ingredients and nutrients in the residue of traditional Chinese medicine,which has the value of resource reuse.This study by single factor and orthogonal test,discussed the technological conditions of astragalus liquid fermentation,optimize the astragalus liquid fermentation condition,and according to the optimal conditions for preparation of astragalus liquid yeast is added to animal feed,through experimental study in astragalus liquid yeast influence on animal growth performance,immune function and so on.The test is mainly composed of the following three parts:Experiment 1 Optimization of fermentation conditions of astragalus residue In order to screen out the best fermentation conditions of Astragalus residue,the quality of the fermented residue was firstly evaluated,pH value was measured by pH meter,and the content of Astragalus polysaccharide was measured by phenol-sulfuric acid method.Select liquid particle size(mesh),water content(%),nitrogen content(%),fermentation days(d)and carbon content(%),microbial concentration(%)of six factors: experiment,the optimum amount of various factors,as well as to the astragalus liquid PH after fermentation,astragalus polysaccharides had a greater influence on the content of three single factor:fermentation days(d),microbial inoculation amount(%)and water content(%).The optimal combination of conditions is obtained by orthogonal experiment.The results showed that the optimal fermentation conditions of Astragalus residue were as follows:fermentation days were 6d,bacterial liquid concentration was 0.1%,water content was 40%,pH of fermented Astragalus residue was 4.14,and the content of Astragalus polysaccharide was 5.04,The pH value of unfermented Astragalus residue was 5.23,and the content of Astragalus polysaccharide was 3.2%..Experiment 2 Effects of Astragalus residue fermentation on growth and intestinal flora of mice In order to explore the effects of Astragalus residue fermentation on the growth and intestinal flora of mice,Thirty mice with similar body weight were randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 mice in each group.The blank group was fed normal diet every day,the control group was fed rat chow supplemented with 1% unfermented astragalus residue every day,and the rest were fed rat chow supplemented with 0.5%,1%and 1.5% fermented astragalus residue,respectively.The experiment lasted for 28 days.Each group was weighed before administration and the day before death,and daily feed intake was recorded.At the end of the trial period,the blood was collected for the determination of blood biochemical indexes and antibodies,the immune organs and organs were collected and weighed for the index of immune organs and tissue sections,the duodenum was flushed with PBS to measure SIgA antibody,and the feces of colon and cecum were collected to measure the number of microorganisms and the content of short-chain fatty acids.The results showed that compared with the blank group and the control group,the average daily gain and daily feed intake of the experimental group were increased,and the ratio of feed to gain was significantly decreased(P<0.05);There was no difference in organ indexes among all groups(P>0.05),the feed supplemented with fermented residue had good safety;The albumin and total protein of the control group were different from those of the blank group(P<0.05),and no significant difference was found in other biochemical indexes(P>0.05);The intestinal s Ig A in 0.5% fermented residue group was significantly higher than that in other groups(P<0.05),there was no difference between unfermented residue group,1% fermented residue group and 1.5% fermented residue group,and the difference was lower than that of blank group(P>0.05);There was no significant difference between viscera section and intestinal section(P>0.05);Compared with blank group and unfermented residue group,there was no difference in the number of Escherichia coli,Enterococcus and Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in experimental groups.Compared with blank group and control group,the content of short-chain fatty acids in experimental groups was significantly different(P<0.05).The results showed that the feed with fermented astragalus residue was safe.It can effectively increase the feed intake,daily gain,reduce the ratio of feed to gain and improve the growth performance of mice.It can also regulate the secretion of intestinal flora and microorganisms,establish a good intestinal environment,protect the intestinal barrier,and improve the immunity of mice.Experiment 3 Effects of Astragalus residue fermentation on growth and immune function of chickens In order to study the effects of the optimized Astragalus residue fermentation on the growth and immune function of chickens,,Feeding the 100 chicks adaptive only a week to determine its parent source antibody titer,when dropped below 3 antibody titer,randomly divided into 5 groups,each group of 20,in addition to the blank Control group,other groups with Newcastle disease vaccine intranasal eye,in the experimental group added 0.5%,1% and 2% respectively in the diet astragalus liquid to yeast,blank Control group(Control)and Newcastle disease immune Control(C-ND)don’t add astragalus liquid pitchforks,The experiment lasted for 28 days.In different periods,the weight of each group was weighed and the daily feed intake of each group was recorded.Blood was collected for the determination of blood biochemical indexes,cytokines and antibodies.Immune organs and organs were collected and weighed for the index of immune organs and tissue sections.The duodenum was flushed with PBS to measure SIgA antibody.The results showed that compared with blank group and immune group,the average daily gain and daily feed intake of experimental group were increased,and the ratio of feed to gain was significantly decreased(P<0.05);There was no difference in organ indexes among all groups(P>0.05),the feed supplemented with fermented residue had good safety;The feed supplemented with astragalus residue fermentation could significantly promote the expression of HI antibody,and the expression level of HI antibody was significantly higher than that of blank immunization group in the late immunization period.The specific Ig A and Ig G antibody levels could be enhanced to a certain extent by adding proper amount of Astragalus residue fermentation in the feed.The serum total protein content of 2% astragalus residue fermentation was significantly different from that of blank group(P<0.05),the total protein content increased,indicating that the addition of astragalus residue fermentation can improve the intestinal absorption capacity of chicken to a certain extent;The concentrations of cytokines IL-2,IL-4,IL-6,TNF-a and IFN-γ were increased,which indicated that the feed supplemented with astragalus residue fermentation could improve animal immunity to a certain extent.There were no significant differences in the level of SIgA,viscera section and intestinal section among all groups(P>0.05);The content of intestinal short-chain fatty acids was increased,which indicated that the feed supplemented with fermented astragalus residue could enhance the body immunity to a certain extent,increase the content of intestinal VFAS,balance the intestinal microflora,and improve the growth performance of chicks. |
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