| ObjectiveCurrently,the neurophysiological mechanism of Exercise-Induced Hypoalgesia(EIH)has been confirmed by multiple evidences,but little is known about the relationship between psychological factors and EIH effects in patients with chronic pain.The purpose of this study is to monitor changes in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin in the prefrontal cortex(PFC)during cognitive tasks before and after dance movement therapy using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy(f NIRS).Combining the behavioral results of multidimensional effects of intervention measures on pain status,cognitive ability,and psychological emotions,further explore the physiological and psychological changes of EIH.MethodsA total of 97 healthy subjects were recruited and randomly divided into three groups: a single dance group,a double dance group,and a control group.In the single dance group,only the subjects performed dance intervention on their own,while in the double dance group,there were regular escorts for dance intervention.Both dance groups received a 3-minute warm-up and a 27-minute dance intervention,while the control group only received a 3-minute warm-up and the remaining 27-minute rest.Participants were evaluated in three stages: pre intervention,post intervention,and 1hour after intervention.Evaluation indicators included the Pressure Pain Threshold(PPT)test for bilateral supraspinatus muscles,L4 Erector spinal muscle,rectus femoris,anterior tibial muscles,and medial gastrocnemius muscles,the Color-Word Stroop Task(CWST)for wearing f NIRS,and the Self-Assessment Manikin(SAM).Finally,repeated measurement analysis of variance was performed on the pressure pain threshold and SAM mean values pre,post,and 1 hour after intervention;oneway ANOVA analysis of variance was performed on the difference between the three groups of pressure pain threshold,CWST,SAM,and task state activation values beta of each channel(post-pre intervention);Spearman correlation analysis was used to study the correlation between behavior and blood oxygen signals in the prefrontal cortex.Results(1)In terms of pressure pain threshold,the three groups had bilateral supraspinatus muscles(left side: F=6.172,p<0.001;right side: F=4.465,p=0.002),right erector spine muscles(F=6.448,p<0.001),and bilateral rectus femoris muscles(left side: F=8.430,p<0.001;right side: F=8.253,p<0.001);The mean pressure pain threshold values of the right anterior tibial muscle(F=3.736,p=0.006)and the medial head of the bilateral gastrocnemius muscle(left: F=3.946,p=0.04;right: F=8.198,p<0.001)measured before,after,and 1 hour after the intervention had a time duration× Group effect.After intervention and 1 hour after intervention,the mean pressure pain thresholds of bilateral supraspinatus,rectus femoris,gastrocnemius,right erector spinalis,and anterior tibial muscles in the dance group were significantly higher than baseline(p>0.05),but there was no statistically significant difference among the three groups(p>0.05).The left vertical spine muscle(F=5.491,p=0.006)and the left anterior tibial muscle(F=12.265,p<0.001)had only a time effect.After intervention,the pressure pain threshold of the left anterior tibial muscle in the dance group(single person group p=0.022,double person group p=0.001)was significantly higher than the baseline one hour after intervention.In the control group,the mean pressure pain threshold value of the left rectus femoris muscle(p=0.031)was significantly higher than the baseline only one hour after the intervention,while the mean pressure pain threshold value of the remaining nine tests had no difference at the three time points(p>0.05).Comparison of differences between groups found that the improvement of pressure pain threshold at 10 test points in the dance group was significantly higher than that in the control group,but there was no statistical difference between the dance groups.(2)In terms of f NIRS signals,the one-way ANOVA analysis of activation values beta showed that under CWST neutral conditions,the activation degree of right dorsolateral PFC partial channel 18(F=4.600,p=0.016)in the solo dance group was statistically significant.Under Interference condition,there were statistically significant differences in the activation of left ventrolateral PFC channel 5(F=3.310,p=0.047)and left dorsolateral PFC channel 16(F=3.362,p=0.045)among the three groups.(3)In terms of CWST,the statistical results between groups showed that the difference between the total accuracy rate and the total reaction time(after intervention before intervention)was not statistically significant among the three groups.Only under CWST neutral conditions,the difference in accuracy between the solo dance group and the control group was statistically significant(Z=-2.097,p=0.036).(4)In terms of emotion,there was only a time effect on SAM’s pleasure level(F=34.18,p<0.001)and arousal level at three groups and three time points,with three stages of first increasing and then decreasing.However,only arousal had a group effect(F=4.411,p=0.002),and the improvement degree in the dance group was significantly higher than that in the control group,while the difference between the dance groups was not statistically significant.(5)Correlation analysis showed that the difference in Oxyhemoglobin concentration in the left dorsolateral PFC was significantly correlated with the difference in the left vertical spine muscle(channel 15: r=0.415,p=0.031),the left medial gastrocnemius muscle(channel 15: r=0.432,p=0.022;channel 16: r=0.417,p=0.027),and the CWST accuracy rate(channel 15: r=0.518,p=0.005).Mediation effect analysis found that changes in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration in the left dorsolateral PFC played a mediating role in predicting pressure pain threshold improvement during dance intervention(total effect β= 0.7140)。ConclusionIn healthy adults,dance movement therapy can have a diffuse EIH effect on pressure pain threshold,improving emotional experience,but there is only a trend towards improvement in cognitive performance.Dance intervention significantly activated the left ventrolateral and bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,and changes in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were involved in the effect of DMT on improving the pressure pain threshold. |
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