Effects Of Intergenerational Rearing Style And Psychological Resilience On Left-Behind Junior High School Students On Their Risk Decision-Making

Rural left-behind children were a special part of the minor group.The prominent feature in the process of growing up was that they were far away from their parents,and most of them relied on the guardianship of their grandparents or maternal grandparents.Like other teenagers raised by their parents,left-behind junior high school students were also in adolescence,characterized by unbalanced physical and psychological development,emotional sensitivity and instability,and impulsive behavior.In addition,previous studies have found that adolescents’risk-taking behavior or risk-seeking in risky decision-making was much higher than that of children and adults.Many scholars have conducted detailed research on the characteristics and measurement tools of parental rearing styles,but there is a lack of measurement tools for left-behind junior high school students’intergenerational rearing styles.Based on this,this research would take rural left-behind junior high school students as the research object,firstly,to compile a Questionnaire on Intergenerational Parenting Styles of Left-behind Junior High School Students;secondly,to further investigate the intergenerational parenting style and psychological resilience on the risk decision-making of left-behind junior high school students.This study would examine the above questions through the following three studies:Study 1:On the basis of the existing parental rearing style questionnaire,this paper revised the Questionnaire on Intergenerational Parenting Styles of Left-behind Junior High School Students.The results showed that:The questionnaire included two dimensions:care(9 items)and rejection(6 items),amounting to 15 items.The reliability and validity of the questionnaire met the psychometric standard(αcare=0.90,αrejection=0.83,X~2/df(27)3,GFI,NFI,TLI,CFI were all greater than 0.90,RMSEA was less than 0.08).Study 2:379 left-behind junior high school students were tested by using the Questionnaire on Intergenerational Parenting Styles of Left-behind Junior High School,Resilience Scale and the Risk Decision Questionnaire to explore the relationship among intergenerational parenting style,psychological resilience and risk decision-making.The results showed that:(1)Males felt marginally significantly more caring than females(t=1.96,p=0.051),and were significantly more risk-seeking than females in risk decision-making(t=3.56,p<0.01);(2)Eighth-grade students felt more rejection from grandparents than seventh-grade and ninth-grade students(F(2,378)=6.19,p=0.002),and ninth-grade students had significantly higher resilience scores than eighth-grade students(F(2,378)=4.03,p=0.019);(3)The interaction effect between resilience and caring was marginally significant(F(1,137)=3.62,p=0.059),and simple effect analysis showed that left-behind junior high school students with high resilience and feeling low care(M=5.44,SD=0.99)were more inclined to make risky decisions than students with high resilience and feeling high caring(M=3.44,SD=0.38),and than students with low resilience and feeling low caring(M=2.89,SD=0.37).Study 3:On the basis of Study 2,the variable of task frame was introduced,and the questionnaire survey and experimental design were adopted to further investigate whether left-behind junior high school students with different levels of psychological resilience have frame effect in risk decision-making.379 left-behind junior high school students were tested with the Resilience Scale and the Risk Decision Scenario Materials adapted from the"Asian Diseases"questions and interview results,using 2(resilience:high group,low group)×2(task frame:positive frame,negative frame)two-factor between-subject experimental design.The results showed that:(1)There was no significant difference in the risk decision-making tendency of left-behind junior high school students under the positive and negative frameworks(X~2=0.14,p=0.71);(2)Left-behind junior high school students with high psychological resilience had a frame effect in risk decision-making(X~2=3.48,p=0.062 marginally significant),but there was no significant difference in the risk decision-making tendency of left-behind junior junior high school students with low psychological resilience under the positive and negative framework(p(29)0.05).The results of this study showed that(1)Reliability and validity of the Questionnaire on Intergenerational Parenting Styles of Left-behind Junior High School Students questionnaire met psychometric standards,and it could be used to measure the left-behind junior high school students’intergenerational parenting style;(2)Compared with females in left-behind junior high schools,males are more likely to feel the care of their grandparents;compared with other grades,the eighth grade junior high school students are more likely to feel rejected by their grandparents;(3)Male students and female students have different risk tendencies in risk decision-making;the psychological resilience level of left-behind junior high school students increased with age;(4)Students who felt low care tended to make risky decisions in risk decision-making if their psychological resilience was high;(5)Under the positive and negative frame,left-behind junior high school students with high psychological resilience had frame effect in risk decision-making.