A Study On Karun In Hulun Buir Area In Late Qing Dynasty And Early Republic Of China

Karun "(Manchu karun)originally means a military post set up in a key pass,and is also translated as Kalu,Kalu,etc.That is,a special management or defense facility set up in passes and fortresses within its jurisdiction since the Qing Dynasty.Refers to the stronghold where troops are stationed for the purpose of carrying out various tasks such as patrol,inspection or supervision,transmission and expropriation.Karun played an important role in social security,production,resource management and border defense construction in Qing Dynasty and Republic of China.Because Hulun Buir is located in the northeast border of China,it has been paid special attention by the Qing court since the middle of Qing Dynasty.In order to prevent further invasion by Russia and other powers and protect the peace of the border and territorial integrity,the Qing court set up Karun in Hulun Buir to guard the frontier.Karun in Hulun Buir has undergone many resets and rectifications.In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China(1907-1930),it experienced four rectifications.The first time,in the thirty-third year of Guangxu(1907),Sunamu Celin,deputy commander-in-chief of Hulun Buir,reset 10 Karun;The second time was in the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu(1908),and Song Xiaolian,the first military reserve in Hulun Buir,reset 21 Karun;The third time was during the Republic of China.After Hulun Buir experienced the storm of "independence" and "autonomy",in 1920,the government of the Republic of China reset 18 Karun along the Russian border in Hulun Buir,which is located in the frontier,and sent special aftercare supervisors and negotiators to manage Karun.At the same time,it changed to set up county governments to manage Karun.The government of the Republic of China invested a lot of energy and funds to build Karun along the border.The fourth time was after the "Middle East Railway Incident" in 1929,Heilongjiang Province has overhauled the Karun along the border.In that war-torn and material difficulties era,Heilongjiang has invested a lot of money to clean up karun,which shows that Karun played an important role in border defense construction in the Republic of China.Therefore,it is necessary to study Karun in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.This paper consists of five parts: preface,text,conclusion,references and appendices.The preface mainly discusses the reason and significance of the topic,combs the previous studies and introduces the relevant historical materials and innovations used in this paper.The first part of the text mainly sorts out the evolution of Karun in Hulun Buir in Qing Dynasty.The second part focuses on the reform and construction of Karun under the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty and the failure of Karun in Hulun Buir in the late Qing Dynasty;The third part takes Karun in Hulun Buir during the Republic of China as the main research object,and discusses the reset and rectification of Karun in different times;The fourth part discusses the characteristics and historical functions of Karun in Hulun Buir in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.