Intergenerational Mobility In Chinese Society From The Perspective Of Gender Differences: Trends And Influencers

Social mobility refers to the transfer of individuals or social groups from one position to another.That is,from one social class to another.When examining social mobility issues,sociology often divides social mobility according to how many means of production and employment relationships are possessed.and studies social mobility from the perspective of intergenerational occupational mobility through occupational class classification.Economics tends to focus on intergenerational income,Intergenerational mobility is examined from the perspective of intergenerational education.There is a close relationship between intergenerational transmission,opportunity equity and social mobility.Intergenerational transmission can reflect the degree of social justice and the degree of social mobility.Therefore,the study of intergenerational mobility has distinct theoretical and practical significance in the context of the current rapid economic development and income differentiation in China.Domestic research on intergenerational mobility has rarely focused on gender heterogeneity.For example,the influence of fathers on offspring generally refers to the influence of fathers on male offspring,and less attention is paid to the influence of fathers on female offspring and mothers on offspring.Not only that,most of the research topics in the literature study intergenerational mobility from a single perspective of intergenerational income,intergenerational occupation,and intergenerational education,and rarely mention the relationship between the three and explore the possible impact mechanism behind it.Therefore,starting from the gender heterogeneity of intergenerational mobility and the relationship between intergenerational income,intergenerational occupation,and intergenerational education,this paper explores the different manifestations and influencing mechanisms of intergenerational mobility,and makes its own marginal contribution from these two points..First,from the perspective of gender differences,this paper studies the changing trend of intergenerational mobility in Chinese society since the 1990 s.Through the intergenerational income transfer matrix,intergenerational income elasticity,intergenerational rank correlation coefficient,intergenerational occupational elasticity and intergenerational education elasticity,etc.,the intergenerational income mobility,intergenerational occupational mobility and intergenerational education mobility are obtained respectively.The change trend of the current Chinese society as a whole and its changing trend are shown from multiple dimensions.On this basis,the heterogeneity of intergenerational mobility is further analyzed through gender differences,urban-rural differences,and spatial differences.The study found that,in general,low-income families and high-income families have the most obvious solidification phenomenon.Offsprings are more likely to move to nearby classes,and the mobility becomes less likely with the increase of moving distance.The intergenerational mobility showed a downward trend first and then an upward trend.Contrary to popular expectations,the overall social mobility has increased in recent years.However,there is significant gender,urban-rural,and spatial heterogeneity in intergenerational mobility.Among them,the offspring of rural women in the western region are in the most vulnerable position in intergenerational mobility and its changing trend.The impact of gender on income is positive and significant in both urban and rural areas,that is,urban men can earn higher incomes than urban women,and rural men can earn higher incomes than rural women.The intergenerational income elasticity of female offspring in the eastern,central and western regions is greater than that of male offspring,that is,female offspring in the eastern,central and western regions are more dependent on family income.Afterwards,this paper starts from the relationship between intergenerational income,intergenerational occupation,and intergenerational education,and adds intergenerational occupation and intergenerational education to the research on the impact mechanism of intergenerational income.The study found that intergenerational occupation and intergenerational education do have significant gender heterogeneity in offspring income.The effect of intergenerational transmission of low-ranking occupations on the income of male offspring is significantly positive;the intergenerational transfer of high-ranking occupations and the upward mobility of intergenerational occupations have a positive and significant impact on the income of offspring,but have a more positive effect on the income of male offspring.The downward mobility of intergenerational education has a negative impact on female offspring,and the upward mobility of intergenerational education has a more significant increase in the income of male offspring.That is to say,in the impact mechanism of intergenerational occupation and intergenerational education on offspring income,female offspring are at a disadvantage compared to males in terms of income acquisition due to gender factors.After correcting the gender gap in occupational income,this disadvantage of female offspring still exists.But the female offspring may change this situation through their personal abilities.Finally,this paper summarizes the research conclusions and puts forward corresponding policy recommendations.The realization of educational equity can promote social mobility,and education plays an important role in mobility,especially for women,rural areas,and western regions.Paying attention to the employment environment of women is of great significance not only to women themselves,but also to the impact of women becoming mothers on their offspring.Deepening the ideological concept of equality between men and women,thinking and cognition determine behavior,and improving mobility from a long-term perspective requires the real realization of equality between men and women.To increase the income of offspring,we can start from both intergenerational occupations and intergenerational education.For example,by breaking the gender barriers of occupational income,the cultivation of professional ability is no longer limited to the transmission of father and son generations,and everyone can engage in any occupation.Promoting educational equity,so that children from families with low educational levels have the same educational opportunities and educational quality.