Study On Farmers’ Livelihood Transformation Under The Background Of Tea Industry Development In Mountainous Areas Of Southwest Hubei

The research on livelihood mode originates from the concern about poverty.The way of livelihood is a set of means or ways of subsistence adopted by people to adapt to different living environments.It is the result of the comprehensive action of natural ecological environment and social and cultural environment.It changes with the change of environment.Different geographical environments breed different ways of livelihood and produce unique culture different from other regions.Livelihood transformation reflects not only the transformation of livelihood mode,but also the change of culture.This transformation is not naturally and objectively formed,but shows the process of human actively seeking change.With the deepening impact of modernization,urbanization and marketization on rural areas,the livelihood mode of farmers has also been affected,and the situation of livelihood transformation appears in varying degrees.Therefore,the research on the transformation of farmers’ livelihood is conducive to the overall grasp of the current farmers’ mode of production and living standards,as well as a comprehensive understanding of their social culture.In the new era,the research on the problems related to farmers’ livelihood is not only the inevitable requirement to promote the fundamental solution of the "three rural" problems,but also the general requirement to promote the realization of the Rural Revitalization Strategy.The initial research on the way of livelihood originated from the academic attention to the problem of poverty.Although it has achieved fruitful results,it still has its weaknesses,and there is still a lack of enough concern and attention to the livelihood of ordinary rural residents.J village is a small mountain village located in the mountainous area of Southwest Hubei.The people in the village thrive here for generations relying on rich natural resources and limited social resources.With the deepening of reform,in the early 21 st century,with the support of government policies,J village opened a new situation of abandoning rice and planting tea.White tea has been rapidly promoted in J village because of its rich profits.Up to now,except for the income from migrant workers,tea income has become the main source of income for local villagers.Before the livelihood transformation,farmers in Village J were generally engaged in traditional farming and livelihood.The food crops they cultivated mainly included rice,corn,potato and beans.In livestock breeding,pigs and cattle played an important role in the production and life of local farmers.At the same time,farmers also supplement the lack of material means of living by collecting fishing and hunting.At that time,farmers in Village J mainly implemented the "continuous cropping" three cropping system to improve land utilization and increase agricultural output.However,due to the subjective and objective conditions such as topography and scientific and technological level,farming mainly depended on human and animal resources,and the degree of mechanization was very low.In the middle and late 1990 s,many young and middle-aged farmers in J village began to go out to work for a living,breaking the traditional shackles of land on people,and the land consciousness gradually faded.At the same time,the problem of rural hollowing appeared,a large number of rural labor lost,and the unreasonable utilization and waste of land resources were more serious.In order to successfully solve similar problems,with the care and support of the national government,farmers in Village J embarked on the path of livelihood transformation.Since then,the local planting structure has changed significantly,the land use mode has also changed correspondingly,and tea planting has gradually become the leading livelihood of local farmers.Different from the traditional farming livelihood,tea planting,management,tea harvesting and sales have their own unique ways and methods.At the same time,the local has gradually formed a market-oriented diversified livelihood model.The impetus of farmers’ livelihood transformation in Village J is mainly driven by the promotion of the national government,the influence of the market economy and the choice of farmers themselves as the core subject.At the same time,the livelihood transformation has also brought some impact to the local society.It mainly includes the change of farmers’ lifestyle,the adjustment of breeding structure,as well as the change of family structure,women’s role and status and farmers’ professional identity,which has also had a great impact on local social consciousness.At the same time,the livelihood transformation has also brought some negative phenomena or social problems,including the increase of family livelihood risk,the damage to the rural environment,the still single way of leisure and the increasingly obvious conflict of interest.Finally,some countermeasures and suggestions are put forward on some main existing problems.At present,farmers’ livelihood is transforming from "survival type" to "development type" and diversified livelihood transformation guided by marketization.However,the current livelihood transformation is still in a low-quality,low-level,unstable and incomplete stage.For a long time in the future,the role of the national government will still be in an important position.Human society is in a complex and diverse social system and ecosystem.The realization of Rural Revitalization strategy must inevitably be based on a certain natural and social environment.The development of social productive forces is the fundamental reason for social change,but it is not the only reason.This requires different villages to give full play to the advantages of regional resources and promote the development of villages on the basis of maintaining their original.At the same time,it is necessary to consider how to realize the integration of tradition and modernity,instead of blindly copying other successful experience models,but looking for feasible schemes based on their own foundation,so as to promote the development of villages and promote the realization of the great strategy of Rural Revitalization as soon as possible.