Research On Deployment Algorithms For Underwater Sensor Networks

As human economic development and energy demand continue to increase,the strategic importance of the ocean is becoming increasingly prominent.However,due to the complexity and variability of the marine environment,the development and utilization of ocean resources require a significant amount of technological support.Therefore,as an emerging technology,underwater sensor networks have broad prospects and enormous potential.Currently,underwater sensor networks have been applied in fields such as ocean monitoring,seabed exploration,target tracking,and ocean military affairs.Compared with land-based networking,underwater networking faces more difficulties and challenges: radio waves in water suffer from severe attenuation,making long-distance communication difficult;laser communication in water requires high alignment between nodes and clear water quality,which is difficult to achieve in reality.Therefore,underwater communication can only rely on sound waves for long-distance communication.However,underwater acoustic communication has characteristics such as high delay and low bandwidth,and the effect of ocean currents can cause topological changes,forming routing voids and exacerbating communication challenges.Network deployment,as the foundation of communication in underwater sensor networks,not only directly affects the performance of underwater acoustic sensor networks but also affects the quality of network task completion,such as routing protocol design and topology control.Therefore,network deployment algorithms directly determine the perception,acquisition,and processing capabilities of the entire network for interest data.Designing underwater deployment algorithms has become an urgent problem to be solved.This article focuses on the node deployment problem in underwater sensor networks and discusses and analyzes the impact of different deployment scenarios on network coverage,energy consumption,connectivity,and other aspects.This article proposes deployment strategies for acoustic sensor networks in two scenarios: initial deployment and redeployment,with the following main research content:During the initial deployment of underwater nodes,due to the complexity of the underwater environment,it is difficult to directly solve it through mathematical methods.Therefore,this article establishes a deployment model with the goal of maximizing the network coverage and proposes a Multi-Strategy Hybrid Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm(MHIWOA).Firstly,based on the Bernoulli map,the quality of the initial population is improved to enhance accuracy.Secondly,an adaptive weight is introduced,and the convergence factor is nonlinearly improved to balance the global and local search capabilities.Finally,based on lens imaging reverse learning,the population is guided to change strategies to effectively improve the accuracy of global optimization.The improved algorithm is applied to network deployment,enabling initial deployment to have good connectivity while improving coverage.This article compares MHIWOA with other methods on 8 benchmark test functions and uses MHIWOA for deployment to compare different situations.The experimental results show that MHIWOA has significant improvements in coverage,connectivity,and other aspects.This article proposes a 3D-adaptive combined virtual forces algorithm(3D-CVFA)for node redeployment in underwater networks,taking into account limited energy,mobility,and the ability to obtain only local neighbor information.The algorithm enables effective area coverage and energy balance under limited energy by using local information.The authors first analyze the adaptive parameters theoretically and establish a combined virtual forces model considering factors such as energy balance,obstacles,and region boundaries.Then,they randomly select a subset of nodes,evaluate the quality of node positions based on the virtual force model,and optimize the positions of the locally optimal nodes to improve the coverage range and monitoring efficiency of the underwater wireless sensor network.Finally,a hierarchical floating mechanism is introduced to further ensure network connectivity.The proposed improved virtual force method(3D-CVFA)is applied to network deployment experiments,and the results show that 3D-CVFA has good performance in both coverage and energy saving of nodes.