Biogeography Of Cicadellidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha)

Biogeography of Cicadellidae(Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha)The present dissertation mainly dealt with the origin and evolution of leafhopper family Cicadellidae on the basis of historical biogeography and the theory of continental drift.The general situation of the biogeography and its schools, the evolving histoty of the earth, major events of geology and climate were summarized since the Mesozoic, as well as the application of continental drift theory to the distribution of paleontology and extant organisms, especially to the researches on the biogeography of Cicadellidae in China.The species-level database of Cicadellidae in Access formate were built up according to the catalogues of Metcalf(1964), Oman(1990)and the Zoological Record from 1956 to 2002, the monographs by Young(1968, 1977, 1986)and Zhang(1990, 1994, 1997), which was compared with the Checklist of Leafhopper Species by McKamey (National Museum of Natural History) and revised. Distribution maps were drawn by Windows software.The original time, location and route of dispersal were analysed with the theory of continental drift based on the Access database. The phylogeny of tribes and subfamilies was discussed.The original time of leafhoppers was probably occurred before the Triassic according to the analysis and the fossil record over the world.Our database showed that leafhoppers, as the larg family in Hemiptera, distribution widely in the world and contain 128 tribes, 2345 genera and 18202 species totally(except fewer uncertain status and most of fossil record (only 0.8%)).The hierarchical classification has been criticized and without one certain system is accepted, and the proposed subfamily-group names vary from 10 to more than 40. In this paper, 43 subfamily-group names were adopted based on Oman(1990)and Zhang Ya-lin (1990-). The distribution, possible original time and place, evolutionary relationship and phylogeny of 43 subfamily-groups were analysed as follows: Those originated in the Pangaea (200 Ma) are: Myerslopiinae, Deltocephalinae, Typhlocybinae, Cicadellinae, Hecalinae, Agalliinae and Macropsinae; those in Gondwanaland after the brokeup of Pangaea into Laurasia and Gondwanaland in the Mid-Jurassic are:Acostemminae, Coelidiinae, Selenocephalinae, Iassinae, Ledrinae, Ulopinae, Nirvaninae, Xestocephalinae, Idiocerinae and Penthimiinaeï¼›Eupelicinae and Nioniinae in Gondwanaland in 135 Ma after India subcontinent and Madagascar isolated from Gondwanaland; Eurymelinae, Euacanthellinae, Tartessinae and Austroagalloidinae in Australia in 45 Ma after it separated from Gondwanaland; Adelungiinae, Aphrodinae and Megopthalminae in the Palearctic Region and Koebeliinae in North America in 45 Ma after North America separated from Eurasiaï¼›Gyponinae; Neocoelidiinae; Neobalinae; Phereurhininae; Bythoniinae; Arrugadinae and Evansiolinae evolved in South America in 45 Ma after Australia seperated from Gondwanaland; Hylicinae, Evacanthinae and Mukariinae in the Oriental Region after North America separated from Eurasia; Signoretiinae and Phlogisinae in Africa, Makilingiinae in the Oriental Region, Tinterominae in Central America and Drakensbergeninae in South America in Tertiary respectively. According to the original time and constituents of each subfamily, the phylogeny of them was given chronologically as follows: Myerslopiinae, Deltocephalinae, Typhlocybinae, Cicadellinae, Hecalinae, Agalliinae, Macropsinae, Acostemminae, Coelidiinae, Selenocephalinae, Iassinae, Ledrinae, Ulopinae, Nirvaninae, Xestocephalinae, Idiocerinae, Penthimiinae, Eupelicinae, Nioniinae, Eurymelinae, Hylicinae, Adelungiinae, Aphrodinae, Euacanthellinae, Gyponinae, Tartessinae, Evacanthinae, Neocoelidiinae, Neobalinae, Stegelytrinae, Megopthalminae, Phereurhininae, Mukariinae, Signoretiinae, Makilingiinae, Austroagalloidinae, Koebeliinae, Bythoniinae, Arrugadinae, Evansiolinae, Tinterominae, Drakensbergeninae and Phlogisinae.