Systematic Study On World Evacanthinae (hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

In this study, the morphology, taxonomy, biogeography and phylogeny of the subfamily Evacanthinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) leafhoppers were comprehensively studied. The research history, current situation and classification status of Evacanthinae in the world were reviewed, classification character, study material and method were also expounded in detail, known species were identified, new taxa were recorded, and the phylogeny and biogeography of this subfamily were also analyzed and discussed.In taxonomy, 116 species from nineteen genera of one tribe of Evacanthinae were identified and described based on adult external morphological and male genital characters, including one new genus, fourteen new species, ten new combinations and four new synonyms (eight species and five new combinations were published). The observed specimens of available species were photographed and illustrated. The specimens used are mainly from the Entomological Museum of Northwest A&F University, and others came from insect collections abroad and home.The new taxa and changes are as follows:New genus: Onukiana gen. nov.New species: Onukiana motuoensis sp. nov., Riseveinus asymmetricus sp. nov., Riseveinus compressus sp. nov., Subulatus sangzhiensis sp. nov., Striatanus erectus sp. nov., Taperus bannaensis sp. nov., Taperus quadragulatus sp. nov., Taperus luchunensis sp. nov., Boundarus ancinatus sp. nov., Boundarus nigronotus sp. nov., Angustella nigerata sp. nov., Carinata maolanensis sp. nov., Cunedda prominentus sp. nov., Evacanthus brachyspinulosus sp. nov..New combinations: Riseveinus albiveinus (Li) comb. nov. , Taperus flavifrons (Matsumura) comb. nov. , Convexana discolor (Cai & Shen) comb. nov. , Convexana lanpingensis (Li & Wang) comb. nov. , Convexana bimaculatus (Cai & Shen) comb. nov. , Carinata albovenosa (Li & Wang) comb. nov. , Cunedda punctate (Li & Wang) comb. nov. , Onukiades connexia (Distant) comb. nov. , Paraonukia arisana (Matsumura) comb. nov. .New synonyms: Carinata kelloggii (Baker) syn. nov. (=Carinata yangi Li & Zhang), Evacanthus bistigmanus Li & Zhang syn. nov. (=Evacanthus longus Cai & Shen), Evacanthus danmainus Kuoh syn. nov. (Evacanthus albomaculatus Cai & Shen), Onukia flavopunctata Li & Wang syn. nov. (= Onukia chiangi Huang ). In phylogeny, 61 morphological characters were selected and the genera Nirvana and Cicadella were used as outgroups for the 19 known genera of Evacanthinae by using Paup4.010 and Treeview (Win32) (1.6.6 version). A parsimony tree, i.e. a strict consensus tree was obtained. The result shows that Evacanthinae is a monophyletic group, and the relationships among the genera are also defined.The geographic distribution are counted, analyzed and mapped, and the geographic distribution pattern among genera was analyzed using cladistic biogeography. The result shows that Evacanthinae is distributed only in the Oriental Region, Palearctic and Nearctic Regions; some species are concentrated in the Oriental Region; and more than 76% known species of the subfamily are found in China; South China and Southwest China might be the center of origin of the group. Reasons for the speciation and spread of this subfamily are analyzed and discussed.The type specimens of new species are deposited in the following institutes: The Entomological Museum of Northwest A&F University, China; Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (IZAS); Tianjin Natural Museum, Tianjin, China (TJNM); China Agriculture University, Beijing, China (CAU); Nankai University, Tianjin, China (NKU); Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (SYSU); Guizhou University, Guiyang, China (GZU); The National Museum of Natural History, Washington, USA (NMNH); Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China (BJFU); The natural History Museum in London, England (BMNH) and the University of Agricultrual Sciences, Bangalore, India (UASB).The adult pictures in dorsal view for most available species, World check-list of Evacanthinae, and the indices of Chinese and scientific names are attached at the end of the thesis.