On The Spider Fauna Of Yunnan, China, And Its Evolution

Based on the investigation on the spider fauna of Yunnan, China, and the material from published papers, totally 663 species are found belonging to 46 families and 225 genera. Among them, 26 are new to science; 16 species are undetermined; females of 2 species are newly discoveries; 1 family, 4 genera and 3 species are newly recorded to China; 3 families, 28 genera and 107 species are new records from Yunnan Province. Besides, two species are new combinations. Their names are listed respectively as follows:New species are: Pseudopoda diancangensis sp. nov., Heteropoda mojiangensis sp. nov., Sinopoda montiforma sp. nov., Stiphropus falciformus sp. nov., Strigoplus rainforestus sp. nov., Loxobates spiniformis sp. nov., Monaeses gongshanensis sp. nov., Xysticus dali sp. nov., Lysiteles yuanchun sp. nov., Ebrechtella yunxianica sp. nov., E. haizhen sp. nov., Epeus yingjiangensis sp. nov., Laufeia sicus sp. nov., Pancorius cucurbitus sp. nov., Plexippoides springiformes sp. nov., P. jinlin sp. nov., Synagelides jingzhao sp. nov., S. diancangensis sp. nov., S.forkiformq sp. nov., Thyene yongshan sp. nov., Yaginumaella dali sp. nov., Y.fengzhen sp. nov., Y. orthomargina sp. nov., Y. zabkai sp. nov., Weintrauboa yunnan sp. nov. and Badumna tangai Zhu, Zhang & Yang, 2006. There are 16 undetermined species: Cteniza sp., Haplopelma sp. 1, Haplopelma sp. 2,Loxosceles sp., Zilla sp., Eriovixia sp., Mallinella sp., Xysticus sp., Ozyptila sp., Ebrechtella sp., Synaema sp., Phintella sp.1, Phintella sp.2, Pseudicius sp., Siler sp. and Thyenula sp.. Adult females of Pseudopoda yunnanensis (Yang & Hu, 2001) and Sinopoda pengi Song & Zhu, 1999 are described for the first time. Two new combinations are: Eresus daliensis Yang & Hu, 2002 is transferred to the genus Stegodyphus, Sinopoda yunnanensis Yang & Hu, 2001 transferred to the genus Pseudopoda, respectively. Besides, 1 family, 4 genera and 3 species are newly recorded from China. They are: Desidae Pocock, 1895; Stegodyphus Simon, 1873, Stiphropus Gerstacker, 1873, Weintrauboa Hormiga, 2003 and Badumna Thorell, 1890; Portia labiata (Thorell, 1887), Yaginumaella tenzingi Zabka, 1980 and Yaginumaella striatipes (Grube, 1861), respectively. Atypidae Bertkau, 1878, Ctenizidae Thorell, 1887 and Sicariidae Keyserling, 1880 are recorded from Yunnan for the first time.The elements of spider fauna of Yunnan Province are composed of: 234 Oriental relam species (35.29%), 14 Palearctic realm species (2.11%), 158 multi-realm species (23.83%) and 257 Yunnan endemic species (38.76%). The characteristics of the spider fauna of Yunnan Province can be summarized here as follows: (1) spider species are very rich and abundant; (2) the Oriental and endemic elements are predominant, other element also abundant; (3) ancient elements both tropical and temperate originated from Gondwana fauna side by side presented; (4) endemism and differentiation at species level is very high; (5) species of narrow distribution range very common, with obvious replacement geographically and ecologically. The distributed pattern of the genera widely distributed in Oriental, Holarctic, Afrotropical, Neotropical realms and endemic species as well are discussed. Finally, the origin and evolution of the spider fauna of Yunnan are analyses.