| Since 1970', influence of nonpoint source pollution to eco-environment has been revealed, and it has become main source of damaging water quality. The nonpoint source pollution of agriculture is a phenomenon of social economy, and its being and development has deep-seated cause of society and economics. So to be control the nonpoint source pollution of agriculture efficiently, not only the pollution control technology should be stressed, but also the economic policy, market function and government management function should be attached enough importance to. However, the research on the nonpoint pollution of agriculture in the world is mainly focused on the forming mechanism and controlling technology, the research on using economic policy to control the nonpoint source pollution of agriculture is not enough, and these researches are mainly facing and serving the districts where the market is highly developed. Few researches on the economic loss caused by the nonpoint source pollution of agriculture and its change tendency and relation between nonpoint source pollution of agriculture and the agricultural economics were carried outIn China, because of decentralized management of cultivated land by households, the duality structure of city and countryside and developing market economy in rural area, the traditional pollution control methods, measures, rules and regulation could not fit for nonpoint source pollution of agriculture. At same time, for long time, there is a serious defect in our environmental management system, which control of point source pollution were paid more attention to than nonpoint source pollution, and project measures were viewed more importantly than economics means. The tight relationship of nonpoint source pollution of agriculture and rural economics mechanism, management system, the way of producing and living was clearly not recognized. Three Gorges reservoir area is an important sensitive eco-economy area, and also typical poverty mountain area. Because of its special geography location and structure of agriculture, there is a great pressure. Taking in Three Gorgesreservoir area as a case, economic loss induced by agricultural nonpoint source pollution, the relationship between agricultural nonpoint source pollution and economy developing and households' economic behavior, economic policy and means controlling agricultural nonpoint source pollution were studied in this paper by means of investigating households, comparison analysis and Fuzzy mathematics model. The results showed that:1 Evaluation of economic loss induced by agricultural nonpoint source pollution in Three Gorges reservoir area(1) From 1997 to 2003, economic loss of water resources induced by nonpoint source pollution of agriculture in Three Gorges reservoir area was 102.662x10* yuan, 60.348x10* yuan and 15.772x10* yuan, compared with water quality standard of I, II and III in China, respectively. The proportion of the economic loss of water resources to gross output value of agriculture in Chongqing was 23.30%, 13.63% and 3.43%, respectively. The nonpoint source pollution of each hectare farmland was lead to 6836 yuan, 4021 yuan and 1106 yuan of economic loss, respectively. Though economic loss and its proportion each year were undulating, but its tendency was increasing progressively. Economic loss induced by nonpoint source pollution of agriculture is tremendous.(2) The relationship between the economic loss of water resources and velocity of national economy development showed that the economic loss would increase if the velocity of national economy development increased so does the opposite. The loss of water resources induced by nonpoint source pollution of agriculture was significantly associated with velocity of national economy development. That revealed that the developing way of agriculture in Three Gorges reservoir area was rough and slipshod. Under condition of not changing the developing way, only to seek velocity of national economy increasing must lead to economic loss induced by pollution acceleration.2 Environmental effects of agriculture economics in Three Gorges reservoir areaBased on relationship between developing of agricultural economy and the output of nonpoint source pollution of agriculture in Three Gorges area, the development of agricultural economy can get benefit for prevention of nonpoint source pollution of agriculture, but there exists disharmonious impact between agricultural economy and nonpoint source pollution of agriculture. Generally speaking, the negative action is bigger than the positive action. That is why nonpoint source pollution of agriculture in Three Gorges area becomes more and more serious. The comparison between the output value of agriculture and output of agricultural nonpoint source pollution shows that output value of agriculture per hectare was positively related with N loaded in soil, N loaded in water, P loaded in soil and P loaded in water, respectively. The output value of agriculture per hectare was also highly positively associated with residue quantity of N and P, respectively. The reason that N and P loaded in the area around city were higher than those in other place was that there were larger areas of vegetable and flower in the areaaround city. The change of output of feces of livestock and poultry had kept up with the output value of animal husbandry. N and P loaded of feces of livestock and poultry were highly related with the outputvalue of animal husbandry.3 Effects of farmer's economic behaviors on agriculture nonpoint pollution and its mechanismFarmer's economic behaviors have an important effect on agriculture nonpoint pollution. We have investigated the household. The results showed that:(l) there was a pronounced negative correlation between the loan of agriculture nonpoint pollution and the farmer's management pattern. The loan of agricultural nonpoint pollution was increased with the management scale decrease. (2) The farmers had their work organized under the leadership of government or company, because there were positive development and cultivation of government and company and/or the leadership of the technique staff in the company. It was reasonable to use fertilizer and pesticide. The discharge of the agriculture nonpoint pollution was greatly reduced. The farmer's individual management had the same trend to the large scale. The same management trend made against the plant disease and insect pests prevention. The land use system was made simplification. It was difficult to develop integrating agricultural-ecological prevention systems. Therefore, it derived a wealth of input of fertilizer and pesticide. The farmers were busily with small circle agriculture, which integrated cultivation with breed. Under the condition of reasonable structure of integrating cultivation with breed, it can enhance the discharges available efficiency and reduced the using amount of fertilizer and pesticide, and therefore mitigated the loan of agriculture nonpoint pollution. (3) Because the farmers' economic level was low and its ability to risk the shake were infirmness in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, they didn't show high voluntary about the investment and management that not only have high economic and environmental benefits, but also have high economic basis, which affected implements and popularization of these advanced techniques and engineering, and went against the improvements of environment and prevention of agricultural nonpoint pollution. Additionally, the farmers' part time job and the transferring labor force made the natural limited manpower, material resource and finance more separate. The agriculture production and farmland management were weakened. The results had brought about the farmers' spoliatory management and unreasonable use, and the agricultural-ecological environment was not well maintained and improved, and therefore created one internal and external conditions for agriculture nonpoint pollution and increased the environmental pollution effects. (4) The farmers' lasting and chemical products were increased with national market growth and the farmers' consumption level, which caused the increase of wastewater, litter and poisonous substances.The agricultural nonpoint pollution for the fanners' economic behavior resulted from social, economy and systematic reasons. With sharp increase of population and dichotomous economic system, the household were faced with remarkable survival and living pressure. The impact between human being and land was its social roots, and the publicity of environmental resource, external properties of the environmental pollution, and the low compared benefits in agriculture were its economic roots. This was why they have undergone spoliatory management towards the agricultural eco-environment. All these had made people to excessively utilize the natural resources in the process of seeking their private greatest benefits. Scissors difference between agricultural and industrial products had just made agriculture lower benefits, and uncertainty of land property right had affected the household activity to long-term investment land. The management system of agriculture and ecological prevention was distemperedness, and had influenced the agriculture and ecology prevention and its maintain. All these were the policies and systems roots of the household economic behaviors. Under the condition ofavailable social, economic and environment, it was inevitable that they adopted extensive and spolitaory practices. That occurrence and aggravate of agriculture nonpoint pollution was certain. Therefore, their decisive management system, the policies, systems, technology, and social population all were contributed to the loan of agriculture nonpoint pollution, as well as management commonness. In controlling the agriculture nonpoint pollution, we would take these factors into account. 4 Economic adjustment and control to the agriculture nonpoint pollutionWe had evaluated and chosen the application of economic adjustment and control to the agricultural nonpoint pollution by means of environmental economy. The results showed that: (1) taxes would be implemented selectively according to the agriculture products, otherwise, we not only could not reach our expected purpose, but also aggravated the farmer's loan in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, in which the market was not effectively improved, and commodity economy was not developed well. It would be popular that the allowance was given to the production and behavior that has positive external properties and "green-product" or "non-social effect of pollution products". However, it won't generate expected performance if the allowance were given to the behaviors that have negative properties. In Three Gorges Reservoir Area, agriculture nonpoint pollution should be put into drainage area total amount controlling aims, and reasonable arrangement should be done between agriculture nonpoint and point pollution, and then built up the trade market of the discharge right of agriculture non-point and plot pollution, finally realized increase of the social net benefits. The best social benefits will be obtained by means of deposit-refund to control agriculture waste and living litters. In the future, based on administration and rule of law, encouragement and aid should be the main measurements of economic adjustments, secondary as well as charge and punishment. At the specified future date, all these steps could be done.(2) For the sake of efficiently bringing the means of economy adjustment and controlling into effects, the agriculture market and its market system in Three Gorges Reservoir Area would be enhanced. The root reason of agriculture nonpoint pollution had to be eliminated. Furthermore, the development and management patters should be transferred. Based on the present eco-agriculture construction, organic-agriculture should be developed positively, and promoted agricultural market development so that the fanner household and organization's cultivation and living pattern that did harm to environment can be affected, regulated, or transferred. The local government encouraged and led them getting on well with the sustainable agriculture, and realized the bilateral-won benefits that the agriculture nonpoint pollution could be mitigated and the greatest social welfare could be reached in Three Gorges Reservoir Area. |
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