| Systematic Study on Leafhopper Subfamily Penthimiinaefrom China (Hemiptera:Cicadellidae)The present dissertation, including introduction, history and present situation both in China and abroad, mainly deals with the morphology, phylogenetic analysis, biogeography and taxonomy on the subfamily Penthimiinae from China.Morphological terminology was adopted principally from Zhang(1990) and Evans(1947). Male genitalia preparations were made by using 5-10% weak solution of potassium hydroxide, then washed and temporarily put in plastics plate in cavities of glycerine for observation. Dissections and identifications were performed with a Leica ZOOM2000 stereomicroscope, hand-drawing of male genitalia was carried out with OLYMPUS PM– 10AD microscope with drawing tube, and external morphological characters figured under Nikon AFX-Ⅱ stereomicroscope with drawing tube.The subfamily Penthimiinae contains 45 genera and 231 species over the world, of which 3 genera and 34 species are known from China. In the present paper, 9 genera and 81 species known from China are diagnosed, of which 40 species are new to science and 1 new synonym and 1 new combination are proposed, 6 genera and 9 species are recorded for the first time from China. They are listed as follows:New species: Ectopiocephalus whitemarginus,Haranga shaftstylis,H. lata,H. ridga,Neodartus handlus,N. squarus,N. piliferous,Neovulturnus reticularus,N. quadvipunctatus,Penthimia hamata,P. endcrooka,P. dinta,P. coronalfossa,P. protrdera,P. hyaloplasma,P. obtusa,P. cornicula,P. jindingensis,P. gibberosa,P. lurida,P. struma,P. ningxiaensis,P. bulbosa,P. flata,P. trimaculata,P. bimaculata,P. tianpingshanensis,P. edemata,P. gracilepenis,P. hennaveins,P. lunata,P. dentatimarginis,P. recta,Tomaloides shortus,T. sfigurus,T. blackcaputus,T. ovoidus,T. mengyangensis,T. biconcavus,T. bipunctatus,spp. nov..New record: Ectopiocephalus Kirkaldy, Tomaloides Evans, Neovulturnus Kirkaldy, Macutella Evans, Chinaella Evans, Sidelloides Evans, Chinaella shephardi Evans,Macutella lutea Evans,Neodartus mokanshanensis Ouchi,Penthimia fuscomaculosa Kwon et Lee,P. mudonensis Distant,P. melanocephala Motschulsky,P. dorsimaculata Kwon et Lee,P. distanti Baker,Sidelloides histrica Evans, n. rec..New synonyms: Penthimia fulviguttata Cheng et Li 2003 ( = Penthimia fuscomaculosa Kwon et Lee, 1978), Syn. n.. New combination: Neovulturnus testacea (Kuoh), n. comb..Phylogeny of 34 Operational Taxonomic Unit(OTU) is constructed by using Hennig86 (version 1.5), of which 9 in-group genera from China of the subfamily Penthimiinae and one outgroup genus Magnentius of the subfamily Nioniinae are included and 6 phylogenetic cladograms and 1 equivalent phylogenetic cladograms are obtained. The results show that: 1) In-group Penthimminae is a monophyletic group; 2) Penthimia was separated firstly from the cladogram and formed the most primitive group of the subfamily; 3) adjacent genera in cladograms .form sister groups.On the basis of continental drift theory and the hypothesis of vicariance and dispersal, the biogeography analysis supports the following hypotheses: 1) The original center of the subfamily Penthimiinae was probably Laurasia in the earlier Cretaceous (135Ma) and along with the separation of this land species allocated in different areas. 2) Penthimiinae mainly distributed in the South and Centre of China which belongs to the Oriental and the Palaearctic Region; 3) the Penthimiinae is tropical and sub-tropical distribution.All phylogenetic cladograms, checklist of species, index to Chinese names and scientific names, illustration and plates are attached at the end of the paper.The type specimens of the new species are deposited in the following institutes: Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry (NWSUAF), Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS), Zhongshan University (ZSU), Nankai University (NKU), Chinese Agriculture University(CAU), Shanghai Entomological Museum, and Chinese Academy of...
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