| The Chinese medical science has a distant source and a long stream.The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theories based on Yin Yang and five elements theory are broad and profound, that has successfully guided clinical treatments for thousands of years.The academic succession of TCM theories has continued for a long time, and never been broken off. However, compared to the integrated principles system of TCM prescription and treatments,the Chinese medical dosage theories have not been summarized and systemized. This makes the TCM dosage-effect relationship studies fall behind of the western medicine. Too many influencing factors which are mutually related and interplayed make the TCM dosage-effect relationship studies face tremendous difficult problems and great challenges, that has become the restriction of the innovation of TCM theories.Shanghan Zabing Lun (Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Other Diseases) written by Zhang Zhong-jing with strict formulation and precise prescription was looked upon as the progenitor of prescription books and was called "classical prescriptions" best-known by afterworld. The study on dosage rules of commonly used herbal drugs in classical prescriptions is very important to study on TCM dosage-effect relationship theories. However, the first question needed to answer is that what the original dosage of classical prescription is. Since the conclusion "one Liang in Donghan dynasty approximated 15.625 gram in the present age" according to the " Guanghe Da Sinong Cuprum Counterweight" was promulgated in the eighties last century, a new upsurge of the textual research has emerged. All kinds of research methods and research conclusions are teeming one after another which can't be obtained consistency in a short time.For the dosage ranges of many herb drugs in national pharmacopoeia and Chinese Pharmacy textbooks are closely related to "one Liang in Donghan dynasty approximated one Qian in Ming dynasty" put forward by Li Shi-zhen. Therefore, the main objective of this dissertation is to find the dosage ringes of the commonly used Chinese drugs in classical prescription in Ming dynasty, to find the evolution of dosage of commonly used herbs in classical prescription from Donghan Dynasty to Ming Dynasty, to summarize the characteristics and features and control strategies of Chinese medication usage in clinical practice by doctors in Ming dynasty.1 Objective(1)Choosing fifty commonly used Chinese drugs in Shanghan Zabing Lun (Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Other Diseases), studying the clinical dosage rules and features of doctors' using Chinese medicine in Ming dynasty, including common dosage range, average dosage, the most frequently used dosage, and the distribution extent from the minimum to the maximal dosage.(2) Calculating the dosage ranges of 50 commonly used Chinese drugs in Shanghan Zabing Lun (Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Other Diseases) according to the conclusion that one Liang in Donghan dynasty approximated 13.92 g, studying the comparison with the dosage range in Ming dynasty, in order to prove that whether the dosage conver standard is close to "one Liang in Donghan dynasty approximated one Qian in Ming dynasty" proposed by Li Shi-zhen, and explaining the reason for the great drop height of common dosage range from Donghan dynasty to Ming dynasty.(3) Calculating the common dosage ranges of 50 frequently used Chinese drugs, in comparison to the dosage ranges in national pharmacopoeia and Chinese Pharmacy textbooks, summarizing the differences between the doctors'using Chinese drugs in Ming dynasty and contemporary time, in order to provide some reference for regulating safe, scientific, reasonable, effectual dosage ranges.(4) Summarizing the influencing factors of dosage-effect relationship, such as physical constitution of patients, climatic condition, geographical regions, herbs processing, preparation form, philosophy and culture, and so on, through the study on the dosage characteristics of the doctors in Ming dynasty, excavating the clinical dosage control strategies of the doctors in ancient China.2 ContentsThe fifty frequently used Chinese drugs chosen by studying team are the research objects, while the research contents are thirteen books published in Ming dynasty. The dosage features of the fifty Chinese drugs will be studied, including the average dosage, the common dosage range, the most frequently used dosage, and the distribution extent from the minimum to the maximal dosage. The thirteen books will be studied is listed as follows:Shi Shan Yi An (by Wang Ji), Sun Yi-kui Yi An (by Sun Yi-kui), Li Zhong Yi An (by Li Zhong-zi), Xianxingzhai Yixue Guang Biji (by Miu Xi-yong), Yi Yon Da Cheng (by Qin Chang-yu), Qi Xiao Yi Shu (by Nie Shang-heng), Jing-yue Quan Shu (by Zhang Jing-yue), Yi Xue Zheng Zhuan (by Yu Tuan), Ming Yi Za Zhu (by Wang Lun), Nei Ke Zhai Yao (by Xue Ji), Shou Shi Bao Yuan (by Gong Ting-xian), Wen Yi Lun (by Wu You-ke), Gu Jin Yi Tong Da Quan (by Xu Chun-fu).3 MethodThrough the Excel table processing function and basic statistical methods including, standard deviation, variance, dispersion, arithmetic mean and so on, obtain the occurrence frequency, the common dosage range, the average dosage, the most frequently used dosage, and the distribution extent from the minimum to the maximal dosage of the fifty Chinese drugs. The common dosage range is calculated by percentile method PX=L+i/fx[n.X%-∑fL], which is described by the range of[P10-P90]. 4 ResultsThe results of the study will be discussed separated into two parts, one is the general discussion about the fifty herb drugs, the other is individual exposition about thirty-two herb drugs of the fifty. The main results are stated as follows:(1)The common dosage range, the average dosage, the most frequently used dosage, and the distribution extent from the minimum to the maximal dosage of the fifty Chinese drugs in Shanghan Zabing Lun (Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Other Diseases) are all higher than that in Ming dynasty and contemporary time. Taking the most frequently used dosage for example, the dosage of twenty-three herb drugs of fifty in Ming dynasty is lower than ten percent of the dosage in Donghan dynasty.(2) The dosage of common Chinese drugs in Ming dynasty is mainly distributed in from one tenth to one third of the dosage of common Chinese drugs in Zhong-jing ages."One Liang in Donghan dynasty approximated one Qian in Ming dynasty" proposed by Li Shi-zhen is equivalent to one third of dosage of Chinese drugs in Zhong-jing's prescription, and this dosage convert standard is on the high side in Ming dynasty.(3) The dosage ranges of the fifty commonly used Chinese drugs in national pharmacopoeia and Chinese Pharmacy textbooks are close to the dosage ranges of these drugs in Ming dynasty. Except Chinese rhubarb, plaster stone, astragalus, talc, oyster etc. the dosage of the other Chinese drugs in fifty in Ming dynasty is at close range of that in national pharmacopoeia and Chinese Pharmacy textbooks.5 Analysis & DiscussionThe conclusion can be obtained that the original dosage of classical prescription has declined a lot from Donghan dynasty to Ming dynasty through the results of the study. But the dosage of common Chinese drugs did not change much from Ming dynasty to now. Therefore, the emphasis in this part is to search the original dosage of classical prescription and unveil the decline of original dosage of classical prescription.(1) In the chapter "Searching Lost Original Dosage of Classical Prescription", prove and support the conclusion "one Liang in Donghan dynasty approximated 13.92g" put forward by professor Wu Cheng-luo, through the negation to "herbs weighing scale", "herbs measuring cup" and "gold weighing scale".(2) In the chapter "Unveil The Decline of Original Dosage of Classical Prescription", the dosage of classical prescription declined so significantly, that is called "left shift" also. Analyse how these influencing factors act upon the dosage of classical prescription, such as powders prevailing in Song dynasty, powders prevailing making the taking medicine methods convert from "one dose taken for three times" to "one dose taken for one time", the influence of "One Liang in Donghan dynasty approximated one Qian in Ming dynasty" proposed by Li Shi-zhen, the influence of climate-area-constitution effect, and philosophy-culture-drug usage psychology, and so on.(3) In the chapter "The Study on The Dosage Control Strategies in Ming Dynasty", the "Right Wall" dosage hypothesis is proposed, that means that every herb drug, every prescription has a dose limit (maximal dosage), also called "Right Wall" dosage. For different patient or different disease, the "Right Wall" dosage of one Chinese drug is different too.The dose area in the left of the "Right Wall" dosage can be effective in clinical practice, but the most effective dosage range is very narrow. Therefore finding the "Right Wall" dosage of one prescription or one Chinese drug will be the main aim of the dosage-effect relationship research for the future.(4) Because of the lower threshold dosage and the wider treatment window, the doses of Chinese drugs are various in TCM clinical practice and can be changed flexiblely. Two frequently used dosage control strategies in clinical practice are summarized by studying the thirteen doctors'clinical drugs usage experiences in Ming dynasty. One is exploratory method for taking Chinese drugs, which is often for that the nature of herbs or prescriptions is impetuous, fierce or venenous.The other is laddered method for taking medicine, which includes laddered increasing dose method and laddered increasing time method for taking Chinese drugs.The laddered method for taking Chinese drugs is often for that the course of the disease is long and the efficacy of the medicine should be accumulated to eliminate pathogenic factors. It is a pity that many methods doctors in ancient China used frequently in clinical practice have been discarded nowadays with the traditional Chinese medical standardization. Thoroughly excavating the dosage control strategies in ancient medical books will be the most important key to open up the treasure house of TCM dosage theories.
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