From "Psychoanalysis" To "Schizoanalysis"

Desire is regarded as a representation of fault and incompleteness in Western traditional thoughts which always insist on an idealist view of desire. Psychoanalysis is a typical expression of such a view of desire; it restrains the desiring-production and makes productive desire turn into oedipal desire. Oedipus is a key concept made up by psychoanalysis, and it becomes a transcendental standard and "metaphysics" in psychoanalysis step by step. Deleuze and Guattari investigate the process of the naissance of Oedipus from a point of view of philosophical thoughts and logical rules. They open out the absurdity in psychoanalysis' constructing of Oedipus, as a result of which they refute the idealist view of desire held by psychoanalysis. What's more, psychoanalysis has induced many negative consequences. Deleuze and Guattari believe that psychoanalysis has suffocated the vigor of desire, and has made the material productivity of desire turn into fantastic productivity of desire or oedipal desire. Psychoanalysis regards the repression of desire as a fundamental precondition of normal mental development, which leads to the fact that a productive function of desire is reduced to the one of representation of desire and that a productive factory of desire is reduced to a theatre of representation. They believe that psychoanalysis has become the means for making money and has been reduced to reactive ideology of capitalism in its evolution. It has lost its revolutionary characteristics which were typical of Freud's early theories.By a means of anti-oedipus, Deleuze and Guattari animadvert on the irrational repression of desire induced by psychoanalysis, and they believe that psychoanalysis serves as capitalist ideology so as to provide it with submissive labor. As a result, they advocate schizoanalysis in order to clear up the negative effects caused by psychoanalysis. Only when schizoanalysis stops the colonization of desire by psychoanalysis, can desire destroy the shackle installed by psychoanalysis. In a way, schizoanalysis is a kind of antidote that can free desire from psychoanalysis, as a result of which desire follows the line of flight to make representative desire go back to real productive desire. Deleuze and Guattari demonstrate the difference between schizoanalysis and psychoanalysis, and they believe that the schizoanalysis advocated by them can destroy psychoanalytical theories and dismantle the idealist view of desire claimed by psychoanalysis. To schizoanalysis, the nature of desire expresses the unlimited extension of its limit and the effort to make new connections with outer world or to create social reality. All the societies adopt different administrative strategies or controlling means to make a reasonable grip on desire, because desire can destroy anything institutional, programmed and structured, which forms a fatal menace to social stability.On such a basis, Deleuze and Guattari call for a post-modern materialistic view of desire. And they regards that desire is such a rumbling factory or a mad working machine. Their opinions of desire stem from Freud' unconsciousness and Nietzsche's will to power. The most important characteristic of desire is that desire can produce, which means that production is introduced into desire or that desire is introduced into production. Desire is not a representative theatre any more but a working desiring-machine. A desiring-machine works according to the micro logical rules that are different from a physical machine. Schizophrenia manifests the basic characteristics of the materialistic view of desire. A schizophrenic behaves as a vagabond, so he demolishes any accepted order and breaks away the social, cultural and institutional bondage. Such a behavior demonstrates the revolutionary forces of desire. Schizophrenia shows the limit of capitalism and a new way of human existence.The evolution of desire can leads to the change of the view of civilization. Freud believes that the repression of desire is a necessary condition for civilization, so desire becomes a object of repression or hiding. He holds a view of repressive civilization. Marcuse regards that desire should not be repressed and that desire can make a harmonious relation to civilization. He holds a view of non-repressive civilization. Basing on a post-modern attitude, Deleuze and Guattari exaggerate desire and make desire extend in a nomadic way. They hold a view of nomadic civilization. Their schizoanalysis smashes traditional metaphysical concepts that the psychoanalysis relies on. And therefore it provides us with a multiple and fold-like outlook of world, and describes a prospect of the becoming world that cannot be unified or totalized.