Song Dynasty The Department Guantian Production "

As we all know, land institution is one of the most important institutions in the ancient Chinese economical system, and it has been paid much attention by the governors. So it also becomes one of the main courses of the history researchers, following which they could find the resource of history development. This paper mainly examines xiguantianchan(系官田联产) and its social and economical effects in the Song Dynasty.This paper is composed of four chapters.The first chapter introduces the scopes, types, origins and the changes of property-rights of xiguantianchan in the Song Dynasty. In a broad sense, xiguantianchan was equal to state-owned land. The paper uses the broad sense of this concept. The diversification of category and origin was the characteristics of the xiguantianchan. From the point of view of ownership, xiguantianchan in the Song Dynasty could be divided into the following types: entirely state-owned landownership, [such as guanzhuang(官庄), huangtian(荒田), tuntian(屯田), yingtian(营田), moguantian(没官田), shatutian(沙涂田), jianmudi(监牧地), etc.], temporary state-owned landownership (i.e. the land was committed to the country in a certain period, but the ownership still belonged to the pre-proprietors), the land that was transformed from private-owned to state-owned (for example the land without heirs), the lands that were state-owned but were managed and benefited by the officers [such as zhitian(职田) ], the lands that were state-owned but were used by educational institutes of all levels [such as parts of xuetian(学田) ]The second chapter discusses the tenancy relationship of the xiguantianchan. Firstly, the author analyses the changes of management, and the reasons of the changes. Secondly, on the basis of the research that has been done, the author focuses on the development of the xiguantianchan. The author thinks that on the basis of xiguantianchan, the contractual tenancy system has been further developed, prooof was substituted by contract in tenancy, which reflected the demand for rules and laws in the development of goods economics. With the increase of the double ownership of land, the contractual tenancy institute of xiguantianchan was more developed in the Song Dynasty than in the Tang Dynasty. Baodianzhi(包佃制) .was not regulated by law, but was confirmed by the government. The exploit of fixed land-rent of xiguantianchan in the was more severe than in the Tang Dynasty. The purpose of the choice of fixed land-rent was to reduce the cost and risk of the government. The purpose of the choice of shared land-rent was to promote production and to resolve the problem of floating population. Compared with the Tang Dynasty , the renter of xiguantianchan in the Song Dynasty had more double ownership land owners. As the standards of zhuhu(主户) and kehu(客户) had been changed, the personal bonds were reduced. This paper pays more attention to yile phenomena in xiguantianchan, which are not fully discussed by others. The reasons of yile are the followings: there are lands whichwere not cultivated; the pursuit for more rent by the government; tax-free and tax levy systems were not perfect. The paper believes that yile only existed in a small part of lands, and the severity of personal affiliated in xiguantianchan was not dominant.The third chapter expatiates on the free and paid transformation of the property rights of the xiguantianchan. The author points out that in the management of xiguantinachan, the government allowed some land be changed to the renters own land in certain areas, in order to save management fees, and encourage the development of local agricultural economy and increase financial revenue. At the same time, the government also allowed people buy xiguantianchan. The paper explains the process and the reasons of the sale of xiguantianchan in Song Dynasty , then analizes the transfer of the property rights. The paper believes that the transfer of property rights is the reflect of the development of tenancy systems in the Song Dynasty, which cou...