Study On The Nouns, Verbs And Adjectives In Shishuo Xinyu

In the process of the development of Chinese, Middle Chinese developed considerably compared with the Ancient Chinese in the aspect of vocabularies and grammars. The amount of the nouns, verbs and adjectives increased sharply at this period. The spoken language glossary was extremely active. The duplicate sound tendency further speeded up. Many other kinds of emerging grammatical forms and the grammar phenomenon all have manifested in the literatures of this period .The preciseness of the language expression strengthened, the phenomenon of flexible use and concurrent-type reduced. As one of the representative language materials in Middle Chinese, Shishuo Xinyu had the extremely high research value in Chinese history. In the former research, the senior experts all obtained the conspicuous achievement in these aspects. In the research on the parts of speech, the emphasis was generally put on the functional and content words, such as adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions , numerals, quantifiers, pronouns and so on, which belonged to "the morphology" category, while the inspection on the nouns, verbs, adjectives were not sufficient. The nouns, verbs, adjectives in Shishuo Xinyu account for 94% of the total vocabularies. "Research on the part of speech is the essential constituent in the grammatical study". If these three parts of speech are ignored, the research on the parts of speech in Shishuo Xinyu is incomplete.This article is based on the research frame and senior experts' foundations, 6,598 nouns, verbs, adjectives are the research objects in Shishuo Xinyu. With the combination of quantitative and qualitative description, speech research and syntax analysis ,the article attempts to reveal the grammatical functions and semantic differences of the parts of speech and their branches.This article includes the following aspects :"The introduction" mainly introduced the general survey of the nouns, verbs, adjectives and their weak points and explained the research techniques, the concrete steps and main content in each chapter.In the Middle- Age Chinese research area, the research on the nouns, verbs, and the adjectives may be carried on from two angles. First, from the glossary study angle, it is mainly obtained from three aspects: the word meaning explanations of words in ancient books, the duplicate sound words and new words, new meanings. The Middle Chinese glossary research presented an impressive sight. Second, from the part of speech angle, the part of speech research is contained in the grammar research category. People often put emphasis on the function word, the emerging grammar ingredient and the syntax evolution, regarding the research on the full word, the nouns, verbs, adjectives was always relatively weak."Not focusing on one special book" includes two meanings : First, the special book should not be studied isolately, the other language materials on the section are combined together. Second, combine with other representative literature on the axis of ordinates of the history of Chinese, offer the clear train of thought for change of the grammatical phenomenon. Follow the above-mentioned theories and methods, the concrete research step is as follows: Choose the copy for the record or for reproduction, make up the electronic edition of precise school; Confirm the standard, the participle is sorted out; Determine the nature quantitatively, describe and sum up.Chapter one, "introduction" has discussed the differentiation of characters and words, disyllabic or polysyllabic words and phrases; The criteries for classification of three major kinds of words; flexible use and concurrent-type; The verbs, adjectives serve as the subjects or objects, etc. We distinguish characters and words according to identity theory, put forward some concrete ones but operable methods for disyllabic or polysyllabic words, and make analysis of examples in the two different dictionaries.We sort out each word according to their grammatical functions and meanings. The noun, verb, adjective have their distinguishing grammatical functions, among them the syntax function of the noun is to decide subject and object, the syntax function of the verb is to function as the predicate centre and the object, function of the adjectives serve as attribute and predicate.With the inherent drive of the precise expressions that required, the phenomenon of flexible use and concurrent-type reduced gradually in the middle ancient times. It's the same in Shishuo Xinyu. The thesis intends to discuss from grammatical functions, frequency and meaning.This dissertation analyzed two kinds of situations, that is, verbs, adjectives act as the subjects and objects in Shishuo Xinyu with the theory "self-indication and transferred indication ". Verbs and adjectives acting as the subjects and objects is one of the Chinese characteristics, but different from nouns as subjects and objects, because of the influence in "location of grammar ", the former ones have the phenomenon of grammatical nouns and semantic indication.In Chapter two, according to semantic and grammatical characteristics, we divided the noun into common nouns, proper nouns, time nouns and position nouns. Plentiful common nouns are the most complicated ones. It can be divided into live nouns and non-life nouns. They have their own characteristics. Live nouns often function as the agent subject; non-life nouns often fill the post of patient object. The most basic grammar function is to serve as subject and object in the noun , next is to serve as attribute, adverbial modifier, seldom fill the post of predicate and complement. Proper nouns in Shishuo Xinyu refer to names, places, titles, etc. The name is seldom modified by the adjective, numerals. The name of the place generally functions as the place object or place complement, can also modify names. Most time nouns can function as the adverbial modifier alone in the sentence. The position nouns can express time too.This chapter is based on Mr. He Leshi's article Linguistic Features. We added time nouns, position nouns functioning as the adverbial modifiers in Shishuo Xinyu.This chapter mainly investigated flexible usages and concurrent kind of nouns. The noun uses flexibly and relies mainly on using flexibly for the verb, the ability of the position nouns are stronger than other kinds of nouns.Chapter three, verb part, which is divided into auxiliary verbs and common verbs, then the ordinary verbs into transitive and intransitive verbs. Because it is difficult to confirm verb properties only according to a special book, this section expanded the range to the literatures of the same period if necessary. This text enumerated relation type of verbs and objects and discussed the causative objects and place objects specially. Furthermore, we adopted the categorized method of verbs followed by objects and noun objects.Whether a verb may be used as transitive verbs or not we can judge according to the special patterns as the sentence type has the grammatical function and semantic choice and need for the verbs, like verbs in the passive sentences, verbs after the adverbs "Xiang, Jian", verbs in the patient subject sentences, verbs after "Suo", either completely or the majority is a transitive verb. I inspected the six verb types in Shishuo Xinyu, and discussed their respective grammatical functions and the semantic characteristics.(VN+ O) pattern is the grammar phenomenon which is worth our attention. VN may be both VO compound word and structure. O type is diverse, which is the most common to express position and object.Chapter Four: the adjective part, which can be divided into property adjective and state adjective. The property adjective can be modified by degree adverb, the state adjective seldom did so. The overwhelming majority state adjectives are the duplicate sounds. The adjectives in Shishuo Xinyu may act as each kind of ingredient in the sentence, but the ability is not balanced, the basic function is to be the attributes and predicates. The adjective may be juxtaposed to use, which may possess many kinds of structure relations; The adjective may be modified by all kinds of adverbs .We specially list "the state adjective " as one section. There are four main parts in the state adjectives: Attachment type, binome-type, overlapping type, onomatopoeia word. As for the ability to be the noun and verb, the state adjective is inferior to the property adjective. In Shishuo Xinyu, there are altogether 109 double role adjectives, which account for 13.16% of the total amount of adjectives. Double sound adjective has only 1 example, moreover this kind of adjectives are all the property adjective, the state adjectives do not have this concurrent phenomenon. It is obvious syllable numbers and classification of adjective have the certain influence to concurrent abilities.The research on nouns, verbs and adjectives are the main content in Shishuo Xinyu. Three chapters are divided. Every chapter basically follows the sequences of " generalization ", " classification ", " grammatical functions ", "double kind, flexible usage ", " prefix, suffix ". As to the outstanding characteristics, we opened up special sections, for example " nouns as adverbial modifiers", " (VN+O) form", "state adjective ",etc.