Kennedy School Of Government Policy Of The United Kingdom Joined The European Community

This dissertation has six parts.The first part focuses on the American policy to the European integration in the early days of the Cold War, which was the policy before Kennedy Administration. America began to support the European integration as the Cold War broke out, and it gave all kinds of support, during which it established the Atlantic Alliance. America had supported Britain to lead the European integration, but they had differences on the mode of integration and the goals of their strategies. After Schuman Scheme and almost the whole 50S, America turned to support France to lead integration instead of Britain. America supported Schuman Scheme and the launch of the integration, and it secured Rome Treaty signing. On the contrary, it opposed Britain resisting the integration in the continent, and opposed British policy to the integration, the FTA and EFTA.The second part focuses on the challenges to the U.S. policy. Firstly, EEC's independence on economy, its protectionism and de Gaulle'challenge brought the crisis to the Atlantic Alliance; the opposite of EEC and EFTA and the independency of France-Germany axis made the alliance in hard situation. Secondly, the relatively detente and the balance of power between US and USSR,US expanding in the whole world and the difficult situation of its economy made it need the alliance. Coincidently Britain began to turn to Europe, which provided the chance for US to support UK to enter EEC.The third part describes the establishment of Kennedy Administration's policy of supporting UK to enter EEC. Kennedy supported the European integration. In the early days of 60S there were many suggestions such as Bowie Report, Stevenson Report and Acheson Report which opposed that America only supported the continent's integration and called for supporting UK to enter EEC. The dissent was too little to prevent this policy. Eventually the Europeanists in the department prevailed and played the key role in supporting UK to enter EEC.US formally told UK when Macmillan visited Washington in April 1961 and the department summarized this in its instructions to the Embassy in Europe. The Kennedy Administration canvassed EEC and its members for supporting UK. All this reinforced Britain to enter EEC and Macmillan Administration decided to apply for entering EEC. The invalidation of the Three Circles Diplomacy was the fundamental reason that UK turned to Europe, during which Anglo-American special relations was the one. Thus US not supporting UK was the important reason which compelled UK to Europe. On the other hand, Kennedy Administration supporting UK to enter EEC urged UK to Europe.The forth part focuses on the conditions that US brought forward and the course of the negotiation. The UK required to protect its interest of Commonwealth, EFTA and its agriculture, but EEC opposed all. US put forward its conditions that it opposed the extension of the preference of the Commonwealth, opposed EFTA negotiation with EEC totally and required UK to enter first, opposed the neutral countries to seek associations with EEC, and it opposed to protect Britain agriculture. US and UK conflicted on the conditions. The Kennedy Administration talked with all sides about its policy. They also visited Europe to mediate. At the same time they built OECD completely, strove the Congress for the Tread Expansion Act, and they put forward the Atlantic Community. When the negotiation was in impasse, they made great effort to strive for the Federal Republic of Germany.The fifth describes the frustration of the Kennedy Administration's policy. De Gaulle opposed UK to enter EEC. The hesitation of the Federal Republic of Germany couldn't help the negotiation. De Gaulle Vetoed British application after Nasau Meeting. Many kind of suggestions put forward to deal with De Gaulle. The Kennedy Administration didn't attack him directly but focused on the Kennedy Round. The Administration reappraised US policy to Europe, that they still supported UK to enter EEC and they emphasized the Cold War and interdependence. Especially the Secretary of State orientated the American policy to Europe which persisted in the Atlantic Community and his appraisal got the Administration's identification.The sixth part summarizes the reasons, the essential, the reasons for the frustration and influence of this policy. Kennedy Administration supporting UK to enter EEC was mainly based on political reasons, which was to balance France and Germany's independence, to end the division in Europe for the Cold War, and to ensure the federalism of the European integration. At the same time, it had the increasing economical reasons, which was to realize free trade and to make Europe share the American burden in the world. The French opposition was the direct reason, the Britaish policy changing incomplete was the fundamental reason, the opposition between the strategy of Anglo-America and France was the deep reason, and the difference between US and UK increased the difficulty. This policy had great effect on America and Europe. The contradiction between America and France intensified. The US-UK relation was alienated. The relations was intense on the whole, and its frustration reflected that American influence on the European integration weakened gradually. Britain not entering EEC was the first frustration of the Kennedy Administration's policy to Europe and influenced the American expansion in the whole world. The policy was the inherence and development of the Atlantic Alliance Strategy.The conclusion evaluates the policy from the view of the history of the American policy to the European integration. Kennedy Administration's policy of supporting UK to enter EEC was the transition of American policy. It symbolized the American policy to the European integration turned from support without condition to support with condition, which had the dualism character of supporting and restricting. And the American policy developed to the Atlantic frame. It was the result from recomposing of European force and American force and promoted this evolution. Thus it reflected the evolution of the world's situation.