.1900-1981 Years Of Feminism And Nationalism In The Middle East Relations

Since feminist consciousness produced in 1800s late, feminism in the Middle East experienced an endless development. According to women ringhts movement in Egypt and Iran, the arthor make it into three stages on the basis of predecessors. The second of three stages goes forward fastly, and it is a important period of development: awakening of the nation, movement of independence, establishment of modern nation-state and modern reforms etc. produce in the stage. The influence of western culture, the common experience of colony and development of economy and politics etc. result in it that feminism and nationalism are not independent historical evidence, relation between two constitute a part of their development.From the end of 19 centuries to the beginning of 20 centuries, Middle East was deeply subjected to the influence of the western liberalism thoughts, the democracy, free principle of the west became a kind of vogue more and more. Egyptian liberalism nationalism appeared before revolution in 1952. liberalism nationalism in Iran procuced in 1905-1911, the reforms of Mohammed Mosaddeq were "the continuation of revolution of 1905-1911". Feminist took part in revolution in liberal age, and they put forward "independence", "democracy". Egyptian women stood on the Waft in 1919 revolution, 1922 semi-independence and 1936 treaty of Egypt and England, and requestec complete independence. During of 1905-1911, women in Iran matched with nationalist movement in various way, and resisted a dictatorial, absolutist government and colonizers.Women shared equal rights with men after establishment of moder nation-state, the motive of policies relate to women was not women's own interests, but class foundation, and government organizations of ways and a variety of political forces mutual compromise, the struggle such as a product of a variety of factors. Women's reform measures issued by Reza Khan in Iran, such as the new marriage law, the abolition of the veil, have been based on the realization of the secularization of Iran and early access to the modern nation of nations. Iran's Reza Khan and his son and Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt advocated women's liberation, but liberation which they advocated were the top-down, state-led development and the progress of women, and they opposed independent feminist forces and advanced "state feminism". After Islamic Revolution, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini's fast islamization made women lost almost total rights,several large-scale movement of women movement were ruthlessly suppressed by the Government, and many feminists were persecuted.The relation between feminism and nationalism in the Middle East is much more complicated than the West. We can not simply the two generally attributed to the relation, the following were author's conclusions based on previous studies.Firstly, in the terms of relations between women and nation. Patrilineal system, private ownership and the moulding of social culture result in "The Second Sex". based on this, a series of the division of gender roles come, and the further extension of this division of labour made nation a Community of gender,and women were marginalized in the history of nationalism,women's identity of equal citizens in the modern nation has been the impact of traditional gender division of labor; the hegemony of national identity and the subordate state of women made gender identity inferior to identity of nation and rank; women played an important role in the nation's biological reproduction and cultural reproduction, and they maintained the continuity and development of the nation.Secondly, from the relation of feminism and nationalism. Two each other elements: nationalists took the emancipation of women as one of the elements of national progress, the national movement provided opportunities and platforms for women's birth,pratice and development, and feminists regarded National Movement as inevitable stage of the realization of women's emancipation, and took the ideal country the national movement advocated shelters; the two both cooperation and affiliation: the cooperation during national crisis was key elements successful national movement and safeguarding the fruits of the campaign, but the relation between the two was not equal, and feminism was affiliated with nationalism; nationalism controled and integrated feminism, which was reflected on the women's organizations manipulate by the country and The emergence of "state feminism "; confrontation of between feminism and nationalism: This mainly stemed from the gender blind of nationalism and the dislocation of nationalist outlook on women and feminist.The relationship between feminism and nationalism in the Middle East was affected by many factors, including political democratization, colonialism and Islamic fundamentalism, etc. The relationship between the two showed characteristics to complexity and variability, and its essence is to the nation's own contradictions, which are mainly embodied in the internal interests division of nationalism and nationalism attitude to the traditional culture.