Study On The Spread Risk Assessmen, Loss Evaluation And Management Of Alien Invasive Animals In China

Invasive alien species are the hot issues of the world’s resources, environment and ecological safety. Some invasive alien species that have established populations are of very high potential hazards, not only causing huge losses on the local agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, ecological environment and the national economy, but also affect human health and even social stability.The rational use of natural resources and the protection ecological environment are the base to achieve sustainable development. The ecological and environmental problem is a major problem facing China’s economic development stage, whether the handling is good or not, will directly affect the economic development. Agriculture is a high risk industry, the rural ecological environment is very fragile, and invasive alien species can easily make invasion of farmland through various means, resulting in the damage of the crop yield, quality, and have a direct impact on farmers’ income. Therefore, alien species invasion problem which related to farmers, rural area and agriculture is an important task and an important measure of the relationship to the harmonious development between man and nature, it is also an important guarantee to realize the sustainable development of society, economy and environment.The rapid spread of invasive alien species to reach a new ecological environment would be difficult to control at last for its spread rate is too high. Animal invasion is unique in the event of foreign invasion, exotic animals can spread through the flying, crawling or swimming, and shows more diverse of the invasion pathway, faster invasion and a higher success rate. In addition, animal intruders through predation, feeding, competition, and changing the habitat, etc., leading to reduction in biodiversity of local ecosystems and even the extinction of species, harm local biodiversity. Once some kinds of exotic animals are to invade an area, then it will be very difficult to clear them out. At present, many foreign pests have invaded our country and established populations in some areas, what is worse, a cross-regional proliferation issue is still existed, especially some animals in some areas will not cause serious environmental damage, but when spread to the other ecological environment in some areas it is possible to form the single gifted population, resulting in significant losses.So what issues should be noted in the proliferation of exotic animal management process? And what angle should be look into these issues then how to solve all these problems? To solve the problem, the study sets the following objectives:(1) Find and summarize the diffusion paths and diffusion effects of factors of exotic animals. (2) According to the diffusion path and the diffusion mechanism of exotic animals, establish the proliferation of alien invasive animals’quantitative risk assessment model to assess the risk of the spread of exotic animals, ranking risk classification. (3) Study and establish a scientific and systematic damage assessment system to assess the losses caused by various aspects of exotic animal invasion to help the government and the public understand animal intrusion problem and to provide a scientific basis for the relevant government departments do the decision making. (4) Explore the impact factors for farmers to combat exotic animals from the microscopic point of view and to develop measures to improve the prevention and treatment wishes.This study establish risk assessment index system on the spread of invasive alien animals in the domestic inter-regional on the base of the expert scoring, and make an example to assess Bactrocera dorsalis, Solenopsis invicta, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Nickle, Trachemys scripta elegans, Serrasalmus nattereri, Trichogrammatid, establish the management system of early warning of exotic animals through the diffusion of the risk assessment model to calculate the size of the risk. At the same time, through the establishment of invasive alien animal losses assessment model, take a typical exotic pests Bactrocera dorsali for an example, investigate the government and farmers by the degree of influence and scope, to assess the various types of losses caused by the method of expert survey method, opportunity cost, travel cost method, from three quantitative accounting of the direct economic losses, indirect economic losses and non-economic losses of Fujian Province, to draw relevant conclusions. Secondly, based on the survey data of varieties in Jiangsu province and the 370 households in Fujian province, using orderly Probit Model to analyze the impact of agricultural innovations exotic harmful animal Bactrocera dorsalis on farmers and their control will of the factors and direction. The three combination of study angles, overall points out that the exotic animal invasion before, in and later management key factors, from the macroscopic and microcosmic angles, study the efficiency factors of the spread of exotic animals management separately, which has a good reference to improve the management of exotic species on international trade in the future, species introduction, early warning and tracking and monitoring control repair and has guiding significance for strategy. This paper has the following conclusions:(1). Exotic animals spread risk assessment results show that Bactrocera dorsalis, Solenopsis invicta, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Nickle, Trachemys scripta elegans are high risk exotic animals, Serrasalmus nattereri is the extremely high risk exotic animals, and Trichogrammatid is the middle risk exotic animal. Make the spread of invasive animals into different levels of risk that corresponding to the relevant control measures and warning, we can go on different grade level of risk management based on the early warning management ideas.(2) Through the quantitative evaluation damage of the value on the typical exotic animals Bactrocera dorsalis in Fujian province, calculate the total losses that is nearly 2.259% of GDP in agriculture, and the non-economic losses proportion account for a big part. It means that management department should not only pay the attention to the direct losses, but also the non-economic losses of the ecological system and environment that can not be measured in money.(3). Micro research is of the empirical analysis of the effect factors of the control prevention willingness through 370 households of Bactrocera dorsalis in Fujian province, Jiangsu province. The study finds that the control prevention willingness is still very weak in the two provinces, many growers have never heard of Bactrocera dorsalis, even do not understand the harm principle, which may lead to blindly pesticides use, causing the pesticide waste, but not decrease the loss rate, so as to increase the fruit tree planting cost. The measures to prevent Bactrocera dorsalis include pestisides use, bagged, sexual lures, infertility insect technology etc. The use of pesticides are high in many of the poison, such as Methamidophos and Dichlorphos, that may cause serious ecological pollution. The major prevention subsides that the government take is to release the trap set, pesticide and so on, which just in fewer areas. The farmers’ prevention willingness is effected by their own factors and the external environment factors, among the own factors, age, education, and cognitive degree are all have a significant impact, while technical training and guidance, the government subsidies among the external environmental factors are also show important impact.Then based on the above analysis conclusion, this paper separately from the macroscopic and microcosmic angle puts forward the invasive animal classification management system and improve the prevention and control of exotic animals farmers to relevant suggestions, and the management foreign invading the spread of animals measures from different angles, finally proposes the management exotic animal diffusion policy suggestions.This study provides a comprehensive research ideas and the framework of analysis on the spread of invasive animal management, not only has the guidance function to the spread of exotic animal management, its analysis and research methods of alien invasive plants or microbial management also has certain significance.