Research On Later Wittgenstein Contextulism

Wittgenstein, as one of the greatest philosopher of the20th century, it has been assiduously seek for Chinese and Western academia that how appropriate to interpret his pre-and post-theory. The study of pre-Wittgenstein mainly focus on the logical atomism and of the later Wittgenstein focus on the philosophy of language,phenomenology, aesthetics.This paper intends to analyse the later Wittgenstein’s main theory from the three dimension, viz, language philosophy(Wittgenstein’s Copernican revolution), cognitive sicence(AI), and sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK), concluded that later Wittgenstein is a contextualist.Philosophy of language dimension. This dimension’s domestic discussion is more relatively to the other dimension, so this paper intends not to describe too much about it. It seems to Wittgenstein that philosophy’s task is do linguistic analysis, and the task of philosophy is to clarify the meaning of the language. In this paper, mainly focuses on Wittgenstein’s Copernican revolution, whether Wittgenstein regards languages as a reality or substratum from the angle of the realism and anti-realism, which are just as Plato’s Idea and Kant’s Category. Wittgenstein who himself opposed to realism, but his own regard language as one kind of reality to research and analysis. Wittgenstein claims that the meaning of language lies in using, and later Wittgenstein’s pragmatics obviously is the view of ocntextualism.As far as AI concerned, it is a hot research which have multi-disciplinary do research in this area, and lots of papers have mentioned of Wittgenstein’s philosophy of mind, but there is no specialized books and papers to discuss about it. Even if there have some discusses that it is only from the perspective of philosophy of psychology. There mainly discuss the different view between the weak AI of A.M.Turing (who believes that machine can thinking) and Logical behaviorism of Wittgenstein(who claims that machine cannot thinking) on the issue of whether machine thinking. And also discuss whether Wittgenstein is a cognitivist and whether he revises Searle’s Chinese Room Argument experiment?Then, we can draw the conclusion from the analysis that due to human being is in the specific context, and the machine of a quasi-rules following does not need the environment, so, the machine is non-contextualized.Therefore, contextualism is one of the essential characteristics different between human being and machine. There is no doubt that Wittgenstein can be regarded as a pioneer in AI, but it needs to be cautious that attribute him to a cognitivist, which is still further analysis and argument.Wittgenstein is amended Searle’s Chinese Room Argument from the semantic externalism(the thought of context).SSK dimension. It is seldom discuss to Wittgenstein’s theory from SSK dimension in domestic and the relevant literature is bare. So, this paper discusses six issues to Wittgenstein’s theory of sociology:such as Wittgenstein’s theory of rules following, a case:isolated Robinson who can follow rule or not, Wittgenstein’s rule following paradox, Wittgenstein’s finitism, Wittgenstein’s deconstruction of mathematical’s reality and David Francis’s defense of Wittgenstein. It can conclude that SSK’s reference and interpretation for Wittgenstein theory is not reasonable, but it shows that later Wittgenstein’s theory can not be separated from social practice factors and social context factors.We can conclude, from the three dimension, that Wittgenstein’language games, rule following,family resemblance and forms of life contain the characterictics of contextualism.①Language games:the meaning of language is the use of language. Language’using depends on the daily life’s context, and language game can not do without certain rules.②Rule following:the foundation of rule following is there has a consistent idea in community, so it is impossible to private follow rule. Rule following is inseparable from the contextual factors, such as the traditions, institutions and practices etc.③Forms of life:language game is root in the forms of life, and the forms of life also provide a reference for the language game.The later wittgenstein’s forms of life origins from life and higher than life context.④family resemblance: Later Wittgenstein’s family resemblance concept that targeted is the concepts of general. Its most foundamental point is to deny the existence of the nature of world. Words or sentence is essentially the same, which only have the resemblance in the context.