Study On Training Structure Of Elite Endurance Athletes Annual Cross-country Skiing

Cross-country skiing is one of the most important sport events in Winter Olympic games, also the first competitive sport events launched in China’s winter snow projects. However, due to the impact of economic development, climatic conditions and local resources and other factors, the cross-country skiing in the development of our country is slow and still behind Europe and other developed countries, so far no medals at the Winter Olympics is harvested. As China’s economy continues to boost, the status of competitive sports improves continuously, the state has recognized that the swith of a big country of sports to a powerful country of sports is inseparable from the development of winter sports. Especially with the success of the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics, the state increased support efforts for winter sports development and developed a series of measures to promote the development of winter sports in winter, such as "North ice South show", "snow balanced development" policy in the Olympic Glorious program.And our winter sports competition had made great progress in recent years, the gap in cross-country skiing is narrowing compared with foreign high levels. With the success of Beijing’s bid to host the 2022 Winter Olympic Games, the state is increasing investment on the development of winter sports, so the purpose of this study of cross-country skiing is precisely taking this opportunity to seize the opportunity to promote the cross-country skiing into the fast track of development, shorten the gap with foreign countries to provide reference for training high level athletes, trying to make medal breakthrough towards the Winter Olympics held in China.In this paper, high-level cross-country skiers’ annual special endurance training structure is the research object, cross-country skier special endurance training is the main line.Expert interviews, questionnaires, empirical research, case studies and mathematical statistics and other research methods were used. The study was performed from endurance training’s objectives, content, methods and means of training and monitoring aspects, the main research results are as follows:1. Our elite endurance cross-country skiing athletes’ annual special training structure can be divided into four main training structure:special endurance preparation period, special endurance competitions period, special endurance recovery period and special endurance convergence zone. Wherein the convergence zone training structure include four convergence zone:the preparation land and snow convergence zone, preparation and game convergence zone, the game and recovery convergence zone, the recovery and preparation zone. The training structures are not isolated, by contrast, they are closely connected to each other by the formation of athletes’competitive state and the rule of development and changes to form a complete annual endurance training structure system.2. Special endurance training preparation period structure is mainly composed of special aerobic endurance training and the goal is set by hierarchical progressive method. At different stages of the training cycle, different combinations of adaptive small cycle, developmental small cycle and impact small cycle were used, which effectively improved the athletes’adaptability to large load training.Experiments show that, there are significant differences in athletes’maximal oxygen uptake, the percentage of anaerobic threshold, maximal oxygen uptake platform after the extreme load and maximum heart rate reserve index before and after preparation period training, with all a substantial increase. The heart and lung function was increased as well as aerobic capacity enhancement at high intensity.3. Special endurance training competitions period structure is mainly characterized by special anaerobic endurance training, to improve the proportion of special psychological endurance training and strengthen psychological correlative training method. Multimodal impact small periodic training arrangements were used in sub-phase training before the competition, which effectively improve the ability of athletes" pre-competition reserve. Experiments show that there are significant difference in athletic pefromance measured in the pre-competition during competition period compared with the performance measured in the preparation snow period, with all a substantial increase.The percentage of body fat athletes was reduced while upper arm circumference, thigh and calf circumference was increased significantly, driving physical fitness indices close to the elite athletes muscular features.4. Speicla endurance training recovery period structure mainly involves recovery or compensatory aerobic endurance training. Level 2 and Level 3 exercise intensity, gradual reduction of small periodic training arrangements were used, the proportion of strength training was also increased,which effectively redupe the athletes’loss ratio of special endurance reserves.Experimental results show that the body morphological index decreased slightly, there was a significant difference in physiologic paramaters compared with competition period. The maximum oxygen uptake, maximal oxygen uptake platform and percentage of anaerobic threshold was reduced to varying degrees, but at a lower speed and magnitude of less than 10%, in favor of a short period of recovery after training.5. In the special endurance training convergence zone structure, preparation land and snow period involves the use of a small developmental cycle, the snow and sub-phases of training arrangements involves the use of 1 to 2 small impact cycle, which effectively promote the gradual improvement of competitive state stability. The use of a small reduction cycle in competition and recovery convergence zone and a 2 to 3 improvement and developmental small periodic training arrangements in recovery and next preparation period can effectively improve the athletes’ability to adapt to load changes. Experiments show that biochemical indicators tested in convergence zone is in the normal range of variation, hemoglobin, serum creatine kinase and blood urea reflects moderate exercise load, athletes’ physical fitness is in a steady increase state.