| As the only minority village in Hengyang City, Tashan Yao minority village is located in the southwest mountainous area of Changning city (a county-level city) at the intersection of three cities (Chenzhou City,Yongzhou City,Hengyang City)and four counties (Xintian county, Guiyang county, Qiyang county, Changning City). Tashan Yao language belongs to Sino-Tibetan family, Yao-Miao phylum, Yao language branch, Mien language’s U-Mien dialect, it’s a typical Yao language. Tashan Mien language has been surrounded by Chinese dialects for a long time, it is broad and profound influenced by Chinese. From the perspective of language contact, based on abundant of local village research, by utilizing theories and methods of ethnolinguistics and Chinese dialectology, this paper fully reveals the language structure(pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar) impact of Chinese dialects on Tashan Mien language (the local Yao Minorities claiming their Yao language belongs to Mien language "mien31ua232");Then using ethnolinguistics to research, and analyse the application function impact that Chinese has put on Tashan Mien language from lots of detailed statistics;At last, analysing the language ecological status and development trend of Tashan Mien language from the perspective of ecological philology also put forward some correlative protective measures.There are eight parts in this paper.Introduction, in this part it briefly introduces the geographical location, history evolvement, population distribution, river resources, the immigration of local Yao minorities and their living conditions; the basal condition of Tashan Mien language family and its neighboring Chinese dialects. It also includes the review of correlative research on Yao language and language contact home and abroad; the research purpose, method,significance and the condition of pronunciation participator in village research of this paper, as well as the source of corpus.In the first chapter it mainly describes and analysis the pronunciation of Tashan Chinese and Tashan Mien language.After the comparison of initials, finals,tones and the pronunciation of100core words in typical Mien language region (Guangxi Zhenzhong) of Yao minority, it shows that Tashan Mien language and Zhenzhong Mien language are similar, it’s traits of Mien language did not change. Because of Tashan’s location, surrounded by Xiang language, Gan language, mandarin, Xiangnan dialect and Mien language, Tashan Chinese has the main traits of Gan language (the ancient voiced initials when meet affricate mostly read aspirate no matter level or oblique tone,)and also has some characteristics of Xiang language and mandarin, it should be the result of language mutual contacting and influencingIn the second chapter two it mainly it discusses the influencing of Chinese dialects on Tashan Mien phonetic system. About consonants, Tashan Mien language added some new phonemes such as(?)、y、(?)、x etc. and a set of aspirated initials that match with the original unaspirated tenuis and voiceless affricates, such as p□、t□、ts□、k□etc. On compound vowel, The opposition betweem long vowel and short vowel disappeared:Most of the consonant coda in the end of phoneme lost;Nasal consonant coda m merged,mostly incorporated into coda n, and a few into coda, hence great changes took place in the phonetic structure of Tashan Mien language; For instance, The compound turn of monophthong, the simplification of phoneme structure, the confluence of rhyme tails, the decrease of syllable types; Nasal finals tend to pronounce like nasal rhyme etc. About the tone, mainly for the a certain relationship between the loan tones and the Chinese tone and tones merging phenomenon. The changed Tashan Mien language phonetics tend to resemble to Chinese obviously. In the third chapter, it mainly it discusses the influencing of Chinese dialects on Tashan Mien on vocabulary system. As for the way Tashan Mien language assimilate vocabulary from Chinese, they are fully assimilate and half assimilate, as for the words formation of Tashan Mien language that contain Chinese morpheme, these compounds not only contain the words formation ways that Tashan Mien language originally has but also assimilate the supplement formation ways that Chinese has and the modifier formation way as "modifier+central word". In addition, Chinese affix“-子,-公”have a fairy strong word-building ability in Tashan Mien language. Because of the input of many Chinese loanwords,it affected the vocabulary system of Tashan Mien language deeply;It increased the number of Tanshan Mien vocabulary, enhanced the word formation ways of Tashan Mien language,accelerated the vocabulary disyllablization, hence makes the words and expressions more precisely in Tashan Mien language.In the fourth chapter, it mainly it discusses the influencing of Chinese dialects on Tashan Mien on grammatical system. With the deepening influence of Chinese on Tashan Mien language, Chinese grammar structure starts to infiltrate into Tashan Mien language, thus some grammar structure variation happened in Tashan Mien language, the main trait is the turn of words order, for example in the modifier structure "central words+modifier" tends to be " modifier+central word" in the comparative structure "Adj+M (contrast mark)+St (contrast standard)" tends to be "M (contrast mark)+St (contrast standard)+Adj", there are also lots of grammar empty words and other structure types being used, these variation reflect that the grammatical system of Tashan Mien language has the trend of isomorphism.In chapter five, sociolinguistics research method was adopted, through on-spot survey and some interview about the application domain of Tashan Mien language, such as family domain, communication domain, work domain etc. also Yao minorities’ attitude towards language, based on lots of detailed statistics it analysis the function impact of Tashan Chinese on Tashan Mien language. The specific illustrations are as follows; the vitality of Tashan Mien language declined, part of the language function changed, it may be endangered. Then analysis the development trend of Tashan Mien language from the perspective of ecological philology and puts forward some ecological protection measures for Tashan Mien language.Conclusion, in this part it mainly defines the contact influence between Tashan Mien language and Chinese from the perspective of language structure variation, it shows that under the influence of Chinese, many Chinese loanwords are used, it generates partial variation in Tashan Mien language structure. From the perspective of the social function change of language, Tashan Mien language is in the alternative stage of language. In different communication situations, Tashan Mien language and Chinese have different communication functions, the Mien language is mainly used at home, in other situations they often use Tashan Chinese dialect and Mandarin. From the perspective of influence degree, the influence degree that Chinese has on Tashan Mien language is high. In conclusion, the contact between Tashan Mien language and Chinese is a kind of deep impact result from one language(Tashan Mien language) contact with the other language(Chinese) deeply, consequently language (Mien language)structure variation happened partly, and some social functions of language (Tashan Mien language) changed.Then defines the language family that Tashan Mien language belongs to. Though affected by Chinese, there are some changes in the structure of subsystems in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar, its nature did not change,its not a hybrid or language mix phenomena, it still belongs to Yao language (Mien language).At last it demonstrates the innovations of this paper and also the points that need further improvement.Appendix, it includes Tashan Mien language and Chinese vocabulary contrast sheet., Tashan Mien language detailed corpus sound record, Tashan Mien language dialect grammatical sentence examples, correlative forms and on-spot investigation pictures of Tashan village research. |
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