| Part I The Chemical Constituents and Bioactivity Research of Allium chinense G. DonA. chinense G. Don has been cultivated since ancient times. Its dried bulbs are one of the main sources of the traditional Chinese medicine "Xiebai", which is used for the treatment for chest pain, stenocardia and asthma. In previous research, lots of steroidal saponins were isolated from this plant, and some of them showed strong inhibitory activity on plalelet aggregation.In our present research,35compounds were isolated from the60%methanol extract of the bulbs of A. chinense G. Don. Their chemical structures have been elucidated as: Laxogenin(1), Laxogenin3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), Laxogenin3-O-{α-L-arabinopyranosyl(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside}(3), Laxogenin3-O-{O-(4-O-acetyl-a-L-arabinopyranosyl)-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside}(4), Laxogenin3-O-{β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside}(5), Laxogenin3-O-{β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside}(6), Laxogenin3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→4)-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl(1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside(7),(25R)-3β-hydroxy-5β-spirostan-6-one3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→4)-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside(8),(25R)-3β-hydroxy-5α-spirostan-6-one3-O-{O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-[α-L-arabinopyrano syl-(1→6)]}-β-D-glucopyranoside(9),(25S)-24-Oβ-D-glucopyranosyl-3β,24β-dihydroxy-5a-spirostan-6-one(10),(25S)-3β,24β-dihydroxy-5a-spirostan-6-one3-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside(11),26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl3β,22α,26-trihydroxy-25(R)-5a-furostan-6-one(12),26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl3β,22α,26-trihydroxy-25(R)-5α-furostan-6-one3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(13),26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl3β,22,26-tridyroxy-25(R)-5α-furostan-6-one3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside(14),26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl3β,22,26-tridyroxy-25(R)-5a-rurostan-6-one3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→4)-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl(1μ6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside(15),26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl3β,26-dihydroxy-25(R)-5α-furostan-20(22)-en-6-one(16),26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl3β,26-didyroxy-25(R)-5α-furostan-20(22)-en-6-one3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→4)-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl(1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside(17), 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-22-o-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(3β,16β,22)-trihydroxycholest-6-one (18), Neogitogenin(19),(25R,S)-5α-spirostane-2α,3β-diol-3-O-{O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-P-D-glucopyran osyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside}(20),5a-spirostane25(27)-ene-2a,3β-diol-3-O-{O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-P-D-galactopyranoside}(21),(25S)-5a-spirostane-3β-ol-3-O-{O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside}(22),(25R,S)-5α-spirostane-3β-ol-3-O-{O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside}(23),(25R)-5α-spirostan-3β-yl3-O-acetyl O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside(24),(25R)-26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-5a-furost-3-β,26-didyroxy-3-O-{O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→>4)-β-D-galactopyranoside}(26), Macrostemonoside C (27),(25R)-26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-22-hydroxy-furostane-2a,3β,26-triol-3-O-β-D-glucopyr anosyl(1→2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (28), N-β-coumaroyltyramine (29), N-β-hydroxy-cis-coumaroyltyramine(30), Acanthoside D (31), β-D-Fructopyranose (32), Methyl-β-D-fructofuranoside (33), β-Sitosterol(34), Daucosterine (35).Among these compounds,2-18,20-28are saponins and1,19are sapogenins,29,30are amino acid. Compounds4,8,9,10-13,16,21are new compounds.Besides, the hypolipidemic dffect of total steroidal saponins extracted from A. chinense G. Don(ACTSS) was investigated in vivo. After9weeks of treatment, ACTSS showed potent hypolipidemic effect by reducing serum triacylglycerol, cholesterol and hepatic lipids. In addition, the administration of ACTSS improved the levels of lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase activity.Part II The Chemical Constituents and Bioactivity Research of Mulberry fruit (Morus alba L.)Mulberry fruit (M. alba L.) are delicious, fleshy, succulent berries, which are low in calories and contain health promoting phytonutrient compounds like polyphenols, minerals and vitamins that are essential for optimum health. It has long been used as a general tonic to enhance health in traditional oriental medicine. Mulberry extract has been reported to have potent antioxidant, antitumor, hypolipidemic, and neuroprotective activity.In the present research, the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of the ethyl acetate-soluble extract (MFE) of mulberry fruit (M. alba L.) were investigated. In vitro, MFE showed potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and radical-scavenging activities against DPPH and superoxide anion radicals. In vivo, MFE could significantly decrease fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycosylated serum protein (GSP), and increase antioxidant enzymatic activities (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice.Fractionation of the70%ethanol extract from mulberry fruit led to the isolation of58compounds, and their structures were identified on the basis of MS and NMR data. They are Quercetin (1), Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), Quercetin3-O-(6"-O-acetyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), Quercetin3-O-β-D-rutinoside (4), Quercetin7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), Quercetin3,7-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), Kaempferol3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), Kaempferol3-O-β-D-rutinoside (8),5,7,3’-trihydroxy-flavanone-4’-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (9),5,7,4’-trihydroxy-flavanone-3’-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (10), Dihydrokaempferol7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11), Isobavachalcone (12),2,4,2’,4’,-tetrahydroxy-3’-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-chalcone (morachalcone)(13),(2E)-1-[2,3-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-(1-methylethenyl)-5-benzofuranyl]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone (14),2-O-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-2,4,6-trihydroxyphenylacetic acid (15), Jaboticabin (16), p-hydroxyl-benzoic acid (17), Protocatechuic acid (18), vanillic acid (19), Protocatechuic acid methyl ester (20), Protocatechuic acid ethyl ester (21),4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid methyl ester (22),5,7-dihydroxychromone (23),2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol (24), Pyrocatechol (25),3,4-dihydroxyphenyl aldehyde (26), Cis-p-hydroxycinnamic acid (27), p-coumaric acid (28),5-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester (29),3-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester (30),4-O-caffeoylquinic acid (31), Chlorogenic acid (32), Umbelliferone (33), Scopoletin (34), Pinoresinol (35), Moracin C (36), Artoindonesianin O (37), Moracin D (39), Moracin E (40), Chalcomoracin (41), Mulberrofuran E (42), Aurantiamide (43), Cytochalasin B (44),4-[Formyl-5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl] butanoate (45),(22E)-24-methyl-5α-cholesta-7,22-diene-3β,5α,6β-triol (46), (22E)-5α,8α-Epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol (47), β-Sitosterol (48), Daucosterine (49),7β-hydroxysitosterol (50),2-Phenylethyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (51),1’-O-phenethyl-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (52), Benzyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (53),5-hydroxymethylfural (54), Dibutyl-phthalate (58), respectively.Also, the a-glucosidase inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity of compounds1-25were evaluated. Compounds1-6,11,15,16,25showed potent antioxidant activity, compounds2,4,7,8,12,13,15,16showed potent a-glucosidase inhibitory activity. |
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