Study On Watershed Ecological Compensation Based On Ecosystem Accounting

Watershed,as a compound ecosystem with both natural attributes and social and economic functions,has the characteristics of high correlation,strong integrity and asymmetric influence of upper,middle and lower reaches.Ecological compensation,as an effective guarantee system for the internalization of ecological environment externalities,is a powerful way for watershed ecosystem to improve the level of ecology-economy-society sustainable development.Based on the accounting of ecosystem products and services,the compensation mechanism strives to achieve the externality internalization of environmental damage and ecological protection of watershed ecosystem by balancing the interest conflicts among different stakeholders in the region,which is of great significance to improve the compensation of watershed ecosystem.Based on the ecosystem products and services within watershed as the research object,guided by the system theory and economic theory,from the viewpoint of the integrity of the ecosystem,this paper constructs watershed ecological compensation system analysis framework which based on the accounting of,and studies the Hiwater Watershed ecosystem compensation mechanism.It is expected to provide a scientific and reasonable decision-making basis for the sustainable development of watershed ecosystem by enriching the theoretical analysis and case study of ecosystem compensation.Based on the study of ecosystem accounting and compensation in ecology and economics at home and abroad,this paper analyzes the economic logic between watershed ecosystem characteristics and watershed ecosystem compensation.That is to say,the basin ecosystem uses the ecosystem products,such as natural resources like water resources,grasslands and forest resources,as the carrier,and enters the human socio-economic system,providing various economic values for human society in the form of ecosystem services.It can be seen that the regional characteristics of watershed ecosystem are the starting point of ecosystem compensation research.Different characteristics indirectly influence the behavior choice path of stakeholders in watershed through influencing the costs and benefits of decision-making.On this basis,this paper constructs the compensation analysis framework of watershed ecosystem with compensation subject,standard and mode as the core content.Firstly,the cognitive behavior path of stakeholder decision making in watershed ecosystem is analyzed by game theory,and the behavioral choice strategy among central government,local government and farmers/enterprises in watershed ecosystem is determined,and the conditions for achieving the balanced game strategy of watershed ecosystem protection are also determined.Secondly,according to the game analysis path and the trigonometric fuzzy function,the optimal combination of watershed ecosystem compensation mode is calculated when the optimal state of basin sustainable development is reached.The value of natural resources per unit is determined by calculating the physical quantity and value of ecosystem products in the basin,so as to identify the appropriate compensation standard of watershed ecosystem and design the compensation scheme of watershed ecosystem to maximize the value of watershed ecosystem.Finally,taking the relatively independent and complete Hiwater Watershed in China as an example,this paper analyzes and improves the existing ecosystem compensation system of Hiwater Watershed according to the above logic.According to the application of ecosystem compensation framework in practical cases,policy suggestions and further research directions are put forward to improve ecosystem compensation.In this paper,the main research conclusions are as follows:(1)As a relatively independent watershed ecosystem,often across multiple administrative areas,cross-regional characteristic of watershed ecosystem products and services that makes its positive externalities internalized in natural resource management and environmental governance is particularly important,it is the key to continuously improve the ability of watershed ecosystem to adapt to environmental change.According to the system theory and economic analysis,the essence of watershed ecosystem value accounting and compensation,with the control process of adaptive subject behavior of watershed ecosystem as the core,is to use flow and stock status of ecosystem products and services to account data,through the value compensation mechanism to different regions,effectively promoting the sustainable development of watershed ecosystem,and maximizing the welfare of the community as a whole watershed.(2)The main stakeholders of compensation for watershed ecosystem include central government,local government,enterprises or farmers/herdsmen.The central government is the top designer of the compensation mechanism of watershed ecosystem.Its central goal is to maximize the social benefits of the watershed.Local governments and enterprises or farmers/herdsmen play the dual roles of ecological protector and destroyer in the compensation of watershed ecosystem.The influencing factors of the benefit function restrict the behavior choice paths of local governments and enterprises or farmers/herdsmen in the economic operation,social life and ecological protection of watershed ecosystem.Among them,whether the compensation standard of watershed ecosystem can cover the cost of local government and enterprises or farmers/herdsmen is an important influencing factor.The design of compensation mechanism of watershed ecosystem should be oriented by the behavior results of local governments and enterprises or farmers/herdsmen,so that local governments and enterprises or farmers/herdsmen are willing to adopt environmental protection strategies.(3)The compensation model of watershed ecosystem can be divided into two types: government compensation and market compensation.Market compensation includes financial transfer payment,compensation funds,policy compensation,industrial compensation,etc.Market compensation includes water right trade,pollution rights trading,environmental sign,etc.According to the analysis of the two models,it can be seen that in the management of watershed ecosystem,the government and market models of the value compensation model of watershed ecosystem have their own advantages and disadvantages,and their mechanisms and emphases of solving problems are different.Because of the complexity of watershed ecosystem,it is necessary to use the government and market to compensate each other and rely on each other to restrain the deterioration of ecosystem environment and the decline of ecosystem services,so as to stimulate the protection of watershed ecosystem and punish the destruction of ecological environment.The optimal compensation model of watershed ecosystem is often a combination of government and market compensation models.Markowitz model and Zimmermann fuzzy algorithm can be used to guide decision makers to effectively choose the optimal combination model of value compensation for watershed ecosystem,optimize the combination of compensation model for watershed ecosystem,and improve the efficiency of ecological compensation.(4)Determining the compensation standard of watershed ecosystem through unit resource value accounting.By accounting the physical quantity of watershed ecosystem products,and understanding the situation of static and dynamic status of the physical quantity of natural resources,the detailed information of the distribution and use of natural resources are provided for the decision-making of stakeholders in watershed ecological compensation system.It is expected to comprehensively reflect the environmental input amount of watershed ecosystem product in the process of economic operation,how to participate in value creation and the environmental impact of waste through the physical quantity accounting of watershed ecosystem products,so as to provide strong support for the design institution of watershed ecosystem compensation mechanism.The value of natural resources per unit is obtained by combining the product and service value of watershed ecosystem,which is the basis for determining the compensation standard of watershed ecosystem.A compensation scheme is designed based on the actual transfer amount of watershed ecosystem products in the upstream,middle and downstream.To sum up,the compensation mechanism of watershed ecosystem,as an important guarantee of watershed ecosystem,can play a role for a long time on the basis of the following measures: To establish a watershed comprehensive management institution to coordinate the demands and conflicts of the interest subjects in the watershed;To explore the value accounting of unit ecological assets in a watershed,and to determine the compensation standard to ensure the long-term effect of the watershed ecological mechanism on the evolution stage of the watershed ecosystem.To optimize the ecological compensation combination model of watershed based on compensation effect;With a 5—year cycle,this paper demonstrates the scientific of watershed ecosystem compensation mechanism,adjusts the combined model of watershed ecological compensation,and evaluates the implementation effect of the compensation mechanism.