| China has achieved rapid economic growth over the four decades since the country adopted the reform and opening-up policy.However,the unprecedented extensive and intensive development of social economic activities leads to constant stress on coastal environment.More than 80%of major pollutants in China’s offshore waters are discharged from land-based sources.As the problem of land-based pollutant discharge has not yet been effectively solved,the marine environment is markedly influenced by land-based pollutants.The land-based pollution emission crosses both natural and administrative boundaries,which involves multiple and complex governance subjects.Therefore,it is urgent to solve the problem of transboundary pollution from the perspective of land-sea coordination.This paper mainly studies the socio-economic factors affecting environmental equality in the aspect of land,the constraint mechanism of marine function zoning in the aspect of sea,the transboundary pollution management mechanism of coastal local governments in the river basin adjacent to sea and governance incentive mechanism of the central government in the aspect of land-sea coordination.It is expected to regulate social economic activities in the land region through relevant institutional arrangements,effectively regulate the behavior of local governments in the coastal areas,and form institutional constraints and governance incentives for land-sea transboundary pollution.The research results can enrich land-sea coordination and other relevant theories,provide ideas and theoretical support for coordinating the relationship between economy and environment in coastal areas,and provide reference for reasonably formulating environmental economic policies to control land-sea transboundary pollution and to optimize the overall environment.The main research contents and conclusions are as follows:(1)From the perspective of environmental equality,taking Liaoning province as the research area,the livestock and poultry industry was selected as the typical land economic activity,and COD was used as the pollutant index.The environmental inequality of livestock and poultry industry in Liaoning province was measured from 2000 to 2016,and the panel threshold model was constructed to study the socio-economic influencing factors of environmental inequality,in order to identify the critical control points of land social economic activities.The research showed that the level of economic development was an important factor affecting the environmental equality of livestock and poultry industry.At different economic development levels,the agricultural industrial structure had differentiated effects on the environmental equality of livestock and poultry industry in Liaoning province,showing the single threshold effect on the environmental.spatial distribution equality of livestock and poultry industry,and the double threshold effect on the environmental economic efficiency equality of livestock and poultry industry.The quantitative upgrading of agricultural industrial structure could not effectively alleviate the unfair environment of livestock and poultry at the middle level and the high level of economic development in Liaoning province.Strengthening public financial support for science and technology was conducive to raising the level of environmental equality of livestock and poultry industry.(2)From the perspective of policy,on the basis of systematical review of policies on land-based marine pollution control,this dissertation analyzed the basic ways of marine function zoning implementing constraints on land socio-economic activities,and discussed the main ecological and environmental protection tasks of the forthcoming marine function zoning 4.0.The results showed that marine function zoning was an effective way to realize the overall planning of land and sea environment,and its binding force came from its own ecological environment requirements and the ecological environment political will.The following ecological and environmental protection tasks will be carried out in the forthcoming marine function zoning 4.0:ongoing studies on ecosystem-based marine function zoning,quantitative indicators included for stronger quantitative control,further coordination with marine ecological and environmental protection systems,mechanisms and management,and strong support and scientific basis for marine ecological performance evaluation.(3)By establishing the game model of transboundary water pollution control in sea basin,this study analyzed the behavior and strategy choice of coastal local government in pollution control under different ownership scenarios of marine environmental management rights.It also studied how to construct the transboundary water pollution management mechanism by introducing the land-sea ecological compensation mechanism.The results showed that the key to effective control of transboundary pollution in sea basin was to empower coastal provincial government to conduct marine environment supervision.Under the supervision by coastal provincial government,the land-sea ecological compensation mechanism could be established and the segmented ecological compensation coefficients could be adopted to reduce the source pollution in the sea basin.However,there was an uncertain influence on the emission reduction of terminal pollution into sea.The emission reduction of terminal pollution into sea could be realized when the ratio of marine to land ecological compensation coefficient meets the critical conditions.The ecological compensation mechanism had an allocation effect on the reduction of the yield of pollutant.The ratio of marine ecological compensation coefficient to land ecological compensation coefficient could affect the distribution of pollution reduction between the upstream inland and the midstream coastal area.In the construction of land-sea ecological compensation mechanism,the coastal provincial government should not only pay attention to the absolute value of marine and land ecological compensation coefficient,but also consider the relative value of the both.(4)By establishing the multi-task principal-agent model between central government and coastal local government,this study analyzed how the central government,through the incentive contracts,urged coastal local government to attach importance to marine pollution control at the single-task level,and to give consideration to economic development and land and sea pollution control at the multi-task level.The results showed that,at the single-task level,the central government should take the risk attitude of the coastal local government into consideration when designing the incentive mechanism,investigate the sensitivity of the incentive intensity to the effort level,and improve visibility of the marine pollution control efforts.At the multi-task level,in order to help coastal local government strike the right balance among economic development,land and marine pollution control,the correlation among multiple tasks should be the premise of designing effective incentive mechanism.The central government needs to consider guiding the coastal local government through supporting policies such as the system for assessing performance,and adjust the relationship of effort costs between the tasks of economic development,land pollution control and the task of marine pollution control from "mutual substitution" to "complementarity".In this way,incentives for coordinated control of land-sea transboundary pollution can be transformed from "critical incentive" into "enhanced incentive",thus promoting coastal local government to balance economic development with pollution control over land and sea. |
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