The Analysis Of Externality About Health Damage Caused By Private Passenger Vehicles’ PM Based On Relation And Network Perspective

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core has attached great importance to the construction of socialist ecological civilization,and insisted on the construction of ecological civilization as the overall promotion of the "five-in-one" overall layout and the coordination of the "four comprehensive" strategic layout.We must adhere to the basic national policy of saving resources and protecting the environment,adhere to green development,and integrate ecological civilization construction into all aspects and the entire process of economic construction,political construction,cultural construction,social construction,increase the construction of ecological environmental protection,promote the construction of ecological civilization to achieve overall progress in key breakthroughsIn the report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,Xi Jinping pointed out that to accelerate the reform of the ecological civilization system and build a beautiful China,we must focus on solving outstanding environmental problems,adhere to the common governance of the people,prevent and control at the source,and continue to implement air pollution prevention and control actions to win the blue sky defense war.We must promote a simple and moderate,green and low-carbon lifestyle,oppose extravagance and waste and unreasonable consumption,and carry out actions such as creating conservation-oriented institutions,green homes,green schools,green communities,and green travel.As the main path for the public to enjoy a better life and convenient transportation,private passenger vehicles have achieved rapid growth in China in recent years,which maintains a double-digit annual growth rate in both production,sales and reservation.While it brings benefits to the public,it uses conventional fuel energy such as gasoline and diesel,while emitting air pollutants such as particulate matter.These pollutants can cause huge negative externalities,especially the impact of particulate matter on health damage.In densely populated urban areas,passenger vehicle use is also particularly concentrated,and health damage is more serious.The study takes the externality of health damage caused by particulates emitted by Private Passenger Vehicle(PPV)as the research theme,examines its causes based on an economic analysis framework,and calculates its size and average units to enable the public,especially the PPV owner,who recognizes that the use of PPV has great health damage to others,and only by making active changes from himself can this negative externality be reduced.Therefore,correctly understand and look at the health damage externality to uncertain populations by PM pollutant emitted from large numbers of private passenger vehicles in China during the use,and on the basis of theoretical analysis and accurate assessment of this externality,determine the scientific externality elimination mechanism,thus effectively reducing the damage,constitutes the "research theme" of this articleThe article’s research theme generally follows the logical route of problem proposing,cause analysis and countermeasure analysis.The specific structure can be summarized as the following contents.First,according to the research background,determine the research problem According to relevant data,the sales volume of Chinese passenger vehicles in 2018 was about 25 million units,which is about 1.5 times the total sales volume of passenger vehicles in the EU-27 member countries,about 4 times that of the United States.The rapid growth of PPV brings huge negative externalities in the use process,which is mainly reflected in the damage to people’s health caused by the discharged particulate matter.However,because the use of PPV is mobile,and the particulate matter is first discharged into the air,and then the health of the people who breathe it is damaged,the invading and the invaded individual are uncertain,which causes the difficulty to establish an infringement relation between the two.Therefore,it is not only practical to calculate the external damage caused by particulate matter,but the practical difficulty also requires the article to analyze the research theme with a new theoretical perspective and analysis method.Then,establish a research perspective and main analysis tools through literature review.Based on Demsetz’s externality related two dimensions of interpersonal dependence and scope,and the traditional network externality’s lack of micro-foundation,it is necessary to investigate the externality based on relation and network perspective.A review of social relations and network economics also found the importance of graph-theoretic analysis tools.In addition,the discussion of energy externalities emphasized the importance of the IPA analysis framework.Furthermore,based on relation and network perspective,the new interpretation of the externality is applied and the conclusion is applied to research theme.Among them,this part covers the investigation of concepts or models,such as the nature and components of relation,the relation externality,the individual externality,the network externality and the one-way relationship and one-way flow of interest network games.They all support the cause analysis.The main conclusions include new interpretations of relation externality,individual externality,and network externality,and a new mathematical expression based on the "flow" analysis of graph theory.Furthermore,in the analysis,new explanations or conclusions are combined with research topics,and a new theoretical explanation of the externalities of health damage caused by PPV particles is proposed.For example,the article believes that the PPV particle-induced health damage externality can be theoretically understood as a one-way potential relation.Without compensation,it will lead to the worst health violations and complete graph network Nash equilibrium.To reduce the externality of health damage,we must first account for the scale of externality monetization.In this process,Impact Pathway Approach(IPA)is used to evaluate the monetization scale of the health damage externality caused by particulate matter emitted during the use of PPV.First,by the help of LEAP system,we can calculate the PPV particulate matter emissions and perform scenario simulations on the current emission reduction policies implemented by the government to compare the effects of the policies.Then,based on the assumption that the environmental factors are constant,by analyzing the source intensity of economic factors,the concentration change law of particulate matter is obtained.The next step is to determine the concentration-response function,which lays the foundation for assessing the scale of the health damage observation points.In addition,this also provides an objective basis for establishing a violation relationship.Based on the first three links,given some important assumptions,we can determine the average cost of each health damage observation point through a suitable external monetization method,and use the concentration-response function to calculate the scale of monetization of health damage externality.Through accounting,it is found that the total annual particulate emissions of China’s PPV will increase from about 54000 tons in 2018 to 58000 tons in 2023;the policy effect space at the supply side based on fuel economy management is limited,and if the system design is adopted at the use side,such as to encourage the green travel of PPV owners,the particulate emission reduction effect will be better.Under certain parameters,the final data shows that in 2016,the external scale of health damage caused by PPV particulate matter in China reached 26785.22 million yuan,95%Cl(1098564,4073789).Finally,based on the cause analysis and relevant accounting foreshadowing,a new concept of externality elimination is proposed based on relation and network perspective.First,based on a new research perspective,the advantages and disadvantages of Pigou tax and Coase scheme are compared and analyzed.The concept of externality elimination based on graph theory "cut point and bridge" theory is proposed.The mathematical principle model is used to point out the principle of concept implementation.The article finds that the government of the implementation of the Pigou tax has the advantage of network intermediary,similar to cut point and bridge;although the Coase scheme can reveal the environmental protection tendency of economic individuals,it can not provide a mechanism to directly compensate the victims.In view of the potential relationship and the importance of compensation directly to the victim,the article proposes the concept of the elimination of externalities based on cut point and bridge theory,which can be applied to large-scale joint infringement cases.Here,according to practical factors,also analyzes the realistic meaning and implementation conditions of the conception,and through the social welfare optimal theoretical model,it is found that both the Pigou tax and the Coase’s pollution rights trade program must follow the guiding principles of who infringes who bears.The article uses case analysis in theoretical analysis,graph theory and network game analysis tools in mathematical processing,and the LEAP system in accounting for physical emissions of particulate matter.The monetary assessment of externalities is mainly in the IPA framework.To carry out,in the analysis of the guiding principles of the concept,the article uses the social welfare optimization model.The article has carried out a certain degree of innovation in the following aspects:First,the research theme is refined on the externality of health damage caused by particulate matter of private passenger vehicles.In view of the realistic background of the research and the insufficient analysis of the existing studies on the externality of health damage caused by particulate matter of private passenger vehicles,this detailed research theme with strong theoretical and practical significance was determined.Second,based on this relation and network new perspective,the economics category of externality is expanded and enriched.The study adopts different research methods from traditional externality study,the comparison of private cost and social cost.Mainly using relation,network related concepts,models in graph theory to enrich the externality ecnomics category,and apply new results to the analysis of the research theme.Third,the article has acquired new theoretical and empirical research results.The article uses graph theory "flow" related ideas to give new views and mathematical expressions on relation externality,individual in the network externality and network externality.Based on cut point and bridge graph theory,also the external analysis of relationship and network perspective,this paper proposes an externality elimination concept different from Pigou tax and Coase scheme,and demonstrates the guiding principles of conception implementation.The article also obtained the results of the external monetization assessment of health damage caused by particulate matter in private passenger vehicles of China.This study accounts for the physical emissions of particulate matter and the resulting monetization scale of health damage,and also compares the effects of different policy simulations,which can provide a scientific basis for relevant policy formulation.