| The process of industrialization,which has lasted for more than 200 years since modern times,has not only created a lot of wealth,but also seriously damaged the ecological balance and the living environment of human beings.With the development of industrialization and economic globalization,the crisis of ecological environment has become increasingly prominent and gradually spread to the world,which has become the most serious and thorny problem threatening human survival and development.To break through the development limit and explore the coordinated and sustainable development path of economy,society and ecological environment has become the consensus of all mankind.With the green movement as the starting point,some scholars and people of insight who are committed to the ecological environment protection in western society are constantly exploring ways to solve the ecological crisis,and the idea of ecological socialism emerges as the times require.Based on the critical thought of Frankfurt school on capitalism,the ecological socialism thought uses Marxist viewpoint and methodology as well as the related theories of western natural science to fundamentally explore and study the solution to the ecological crisis.Through the in-depth analysis of the capitalist ecological crisis,the ecological socialist thinkers pointed out that the means of production under the capitalist system are owned by a few capitalists.The greedy nature of the capitalists determines that the purpose of social production is to obtain continuous profits.Therefore,the capitalists continue to expand the scale of production,increase the exploitation of workers,and manipulate science and technology to improve labor production rate,through various means to stimulate unnecessary consumption of workers,adopt pollution output,resource plunder and other ways to carry out ecological aggression against developing countries,not only undermining the balance of their own ecological environment,but also leading to the global spread of ecological crisis.The eco socialists point out that the prime culprit of the ecological crisis of capitalism is the capitalist system,and the resulting consumption alienation and technology alienation are the accomplices of aggravating the ecological crisis,while the ecological imperialism is the root of the globalization of the ecological crisis.It is unrealistic to solve the ecological crisis by improving the capitalist system: The free market theory advocates internalizing the environmental cost of capitalism through the way of levying ecological tax and licensing system.Its essence is to commercialize the natural environment,which makes large enterprises hoard and purchase emission permits,while low emission reduction enterprises can not develop,which eventually leads to the emission reduction reaching the upper limit;Green economy favors small-scale production and small independent capital,but this does not accord with the nature of capitalist production expansion;New technologies,such as nuclear energy,biofuels,solar energy,wind energy and so on,have disadvantages in ecological realization,such as large capital consumption,low efficiency,poor cleanliness and so on.Even if the efficiency of resource utilization is improved,the capitalists will expand production scale,resulting in increased consumption;Population growth and personal life style are not the root of ecological crisis,and the policy of population reduction is not feasible.Therefore,if we want to solve the ecological problems thoroughly,we must change the capitalist system.The solution of ecological crisis requires people to correctly deal with the relationship between themselves and nature.On this issue,most of the early ecosocialist thinkers hold the view of ecocentrism,but in the 1990 s,ecosocialist thinkers found that the non anthropocentrism represented by ecocentrism had theoretical disadvantages.Non anthropocentrism views the relationship between human and nature from the natural perspective,and endows non-human beings with the same moral care as human beings,whose essence is anti human.The complete natural angle also does not exist,must carry on the expression through the human,therefore inevitably is affected by the human culture and the historical background,they therefore return to the human centralism standpoint.However,the traditional anthropocentrism overemphasizes the dominant position of human beings,ignores the laws of nature,destroys nature wantonly,and intensifies the contradiction between human beings and nature.On the basis of criticizing these two thoughts,they put forward the theory of modern anthropocentrism based on the theory of "controlling nature" of Marxism.They insisted on the dominant position of human beings on the premise of following the laws of nature,and believed that effective "controlling nature" from the perspective of human beings could achieve the purpose of protecting the ecological environment,so as to realize the reconciliation between man and nature.The final solution of ecological crisis needs to establish an ecological friendly socialist system.Ecological socialist thinkers put forward specific ideas for the future society.They advocate that the construction of the future society should follow the guidance of Marxist theory,implement the public ownership of means of production,realize full democracy and social justice,and on this basis,establish a series of economic,political,cultural and social development systems with ecological concern.In terms of economy,we should adhere to the public ownership of means of production,adopt an economic system that combines planned economy with market economy,and implement moderate economic growth;In politics,we should attach importance to the ecological environment,oppose bureaucracy,realize real democracy and solve ecological problems on a global scale;Follow the ecological value standard in culture,give play to the important role of education in the process of ecological culture reconstruction,and make people set up new values;In terms of development mode,it is advocated to implement comprehensive and sustainable development,including economic,social and human development.When it comes to the main forces on which ecological socialism depends,most scholars of ecological socialism have given up the leadership of the proletariat.In the way of realization,they advocated the internal reform of capitalist system through non violent way.Although the thought of ecological socialism also establishes socialism under the banner of Marxism,opposes the capitalist system and advocates the harmonious unity of man and nature,in essence,it is two completely different concepts from scientific socialism,both of them have essential differences in the theoretical basis,the way of social change,the understanding of the basic contradictions of capitalism and the conception of the future society.The adherence of ecological socialism to Marxism is not thorough enough,so it is unable to correctly understand the basic contradictions of capitalist society,and the criticism of capitalist system is not thorough enough,this determines the utopian nature of the theory of ecological socialism.Under the international background of the global spread of economic crisis,it is of great theoretical and practical significance to comprehensively and accurately evaluate the ecological socialism for the development of China.The thought of ecological socialism has a positive contribution,which enriches and develops Marxism,exposes and criticizes the malpractice of capitalist system,and puts forward a new ecological political theory,economic development mode and socialist existence mode,which has an important reference for the construction of socialist ecological civilization in China.Under the international background of global ecological environment deterioration,no country can be alone.As the largest developing country in the world,China's extensive economic development mode since the founding of the people's Republic of China and the early stage of reform and opening up has led to the deterioration of the ecological environment.With the change of the main social contradictions in the new era,the construction of ecological civilization has become an important part of people's better life,therefore,solving the problem of ecological environment has become the top priority of socialist modernization.This paper takes the contemporary western ecological socialism as the research object,hoping to find the beneficial enlightenment for the construction of Chinese ecological civilization through the systematic and comprehensive study of this theory.The article consists of seven chapters: The first chapter is the introduction,which mainly summarizes the background,significance,current situation,methods,innovations and shortcomings of this paper.The second chapter explains the concept of ecological socialism,and summarizes its background,theoretical sources and development context.The third chapter reveals the origin of the capitalist ecological crisis and points out the illusory nature of the improved capitalism,taking O'Connor's "double crisis" theory as an example,this paper systematically discusses the criticism of ecological socialism on capitalist system.In the thought of eco socialism which criticizes the capitalist system,O'Connor's "double crisis" theory criticizes capitalism systematically and comprehensively on the basis of Marxist theory,which is more representative.The fourth chapter puts forward the theory of modern anthropocentrism on the basis of negating non anthropocentrism and traditional anthropocentrism,and takes peper's reconstruction of anthropocentrism as an example to expound the main view of ecological socialism in dealing with the relationship between man and nature in the 1990 s.Peper's theory of anthropocentrism is a further development on the basis of inheriting the thought of grendeman,and the discussion on the relationship between man and nature is more specific and profound.The fifth chapter summarizes the basic conception and realization path of ecological socialism,and takes Kewell's idea of building ecological socialism as an example to show the complete schema of the future society.Kewell's conception of ecological socialism includes construction principle,construction path and realization process,it is he earliest systematic construction thought of ecological socialism.The sixth chapter reveals the essence of ecological socialism by comparing ecological socialism with scientific socialism.The seventh chapter summarizes the positive significance and limitations of ecological socialism,and explores its beneficial reference and enlightenment for the construction of ecological civilization in China.In the new era,China's ecological civilization construction should fully draw lessons from the beneficial elements of ecological socialism,change the mode of economic development,ensure social fairness and justice,establish the concept of ecological civilization in the whole society,give full play to the ecological value of science and technology,resolutely resist the invasion of ecological imperialism,and strengthen the governance of ecological environment,and finally achieve the overall victory of the socialist ecological civilization construction. |
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