A Study Of Archaeological Culture Of Late Longshan Period And Erlitou Age In Southwest Henan And Northwest Hubei Areas

Southwest Henan and northwest Hubei areas refer to the southwest area of Henan province and northwest area of Hubei province.The middle and east parts of these areas are Nanyang basin and Xiangyi plain meanwhile hilly area distribute in the west part which has small mountain valley and alluvial plain form by the alleviation of Han River and Dan River.These areas located in the intersection region of Changjiang and Jianghan culture.For a long time Huaxia group and Miaoman group engaged in battles so there has special archaeological culture fratures and cultural sequence in these areas.For many years,the academic circle discussed the archaeological culture of these areas which laid good foundations to the intensive study of the archaeological culture of late Longshan period and Erlitou age.On the basis of previous studies and new materials found in recent years,this paper uses the methods of archaeology stratigraphy,typology,cultural factor analysis and settlement archaeology meanwhile combines with the materials of philology to study the the features,alignment,nationality of archaeological culture of late Longshan period and Erlitou age.This paper also discusses the peculiarities of the settlements of this area in different period and the cultural communion in this area and surrounding area.The full text is divided into six chapters.The first chapter is the introduction,this chapter expounds the research scope and content,defines the controversial conceptions,retrospects the archaeology finds and research status and introduces the research purposes and methods.The second and third chepter intensive study on the archaeological culture features of late Longshan period and Erlitou age in southwest Henan and northwest Hubei areas which contain the distribution,features,periodization,age,types,property and nationalities.The fourth chapter discusses the site selection,structure,classification and the cluster characteristics of the settlements of late Longshan period and Erlitou age in these areas.The fifth chapter researchs the cultural interaction between these areas and adjacent areas moreover expounds the causations and modes.The sixth chapter is the conclusion,summarizes the the main achievements of this paper.This paper combines the old and new materials to eatablish the archaeological culture spatiotemporal frameworks of the late Longshan period and Erilitou age in the southwest of Henan and northwest of Hubei areas.This paper considers the archaeological culture of late Longshan period in these areas is the third period of Wangwan culture.It can be divided into two periods and three stages which can be matched to the late period of the third period of Wangwan culture in Zongyuan area.The features of the third period of Wangwan culture in these areas is close to Meishan type meanwhile has its own characteristics,so we devide it to be a new type named Luanshitan type.The archaeological culture of Erlitou age is Erlitou culture.It can be divided to three periods which can be matched to the second to fourth periods of Erlitou culture in Zhongyuan area.Erlitou culture in these areas is same to Erlitou type,so it's not suitable to be divided into a new type.This paper discusses the settlmens' features of the third period of Wangwan culture and Erlitou culture in these areas through researching the excavation data and survey data.The quantity of the third period of Wangwan cultural settlements is equal to the quantity of Shijiahe cultural settlements.The settlements' always select elevated place which nearby water and have simple functional zoning.The settlements in these areas have a small proportion generally.These settlments can be divided into three grades,the largest number are settlments of second and third grade.By the large,the status of different settlements is equally.The distribution of these settlements which can be divided into five groups emerge the cluster phenomenon remarkably.The quantity of Erlitou cultural settlements is reducing rapidly.Functional zoning of single settlement isn't evident.The settlements in these areas have a small proportion generally which can be divided into two grades.The settlements in the reservoir region of Danjiangkou have a certain cluster phenomenon.This paper reveal that the origin of the third period of Wangwan culture Luanshitan type is the Meishan type distribute in Zhongyuan area through by the cultural factors analysis.As the same time,this type which is affected by the second period of Yangzhuang type distributes in south of Henan area persists a few factor of Shijiahe culture.This type has cultural exchange with other cultures of the same period in adjacent areas frequently.In the interaction of this type and Keshengzhuang culture distributes in Shangluo area,the latter occupies the active position.But in the interaction of this type and Xiaojiawuji culture in Jianghan area,Baimiao culture in the west of Hubei,the former occupies the active position.An atrong performance of the third period of Wangwan culture in the interaction with other cultures results in the change of the nature of the archaeological cultures in Jianghan and west of Hubei areas.This phenomenon is identical to the “Yu crusade against Sanmiao” which recorded in literature.We consider the origal of Erlitou culture in the southwest of Henan and northwest of Hubei areas is the Erlitou type distributes in Zhonyuan area.Meanwhile it's persists a few factors of Luanshitan type.Erlitou culture in these areas has some interactions with Yangzhuang type in north of Henan and Shangluo type in Shangluo area.It has the less frequent interaction with Donglongshan culture in Shangluo area and didn't has interaction with Panlongcheng type in Jianghan plain and Chaotianzui culture in the west of Hubei.These phenomenons indicate that the southwest of Henan and northwest of Hubei areas are in the southwast margin of the territory of Xia dynasty,so there hasn't a prosperous archaeological culture and has cultural output infrequently.