| In the context of the healthy China era,promoting the health of children is an important aspect of comprehensively improving the quality of the population and strengthening the accumulation of human capital.It is also a strategic choice to actively deal with the aging of the population at the source and maintain long-term sustainable economic development.In China,investment in children’s health has long been regarded as a kind of consumption,which has not received enough attention in terms of public policy and institutional arrangements.Based on life cycle perspective,according to the theory of human capital,child health at the micro level,the micro individual adult health human capital accumulation,and education during the period of economic income of human capital accumulation,labor employment and long-term effect,and at the macro level,it is directly related with the labor quality of a nation’s future and national economic growth.With the aging of the population,medical and health resources are under pressure,and labor supply is transforming from quantity advantage to quality advantage.From the perspective of transformation and development,child health in the long-term health of the human capital effect,and the employment income effect of inter-temporal and health policy intervention for early in life,for the implementation of health China,regulating income inequality,improve intergenerational poverty caused by human capital accumulation has important practical significance.At the same time,with the progress of the society,the health status of children in China,especially in the economically underdeveloped areas,needs to be paid more attention not only to their physical health,but also to their social and psychological health.Based on the 2014 CHARLS life history data and 2015 CHARLS data,this paper studies the long-term labor market effect of China’s childhood health status,and tries to find the Chinese answer of the lifelong impact of childhood health from the micro level.Therefore,the following research framework is set for analysis:Chapter 1 introduces the background,purpose and significance of the research.It also introduces the research ideas,methods and innovations.Chapter 2 summarizes the existing researches at home and abroad.The research methods and boundaries of this topic have been mastered.In chapter 3,based on the theoretical basis of comprehensive disciplines such as medicine and labor economics,and based on Grossman’s dynamic model of health demand,the theoretical research framework of this paper is gradually constructed.Chapter 4 analyzes and discusses the measurement of childhood health and constructs the indicator system of childhood health dimension.It covers the comprehensive index system of physical health in childhood,social and psychological health in childhood,nutritional dimension health in childhood,subjective indicators of self-rated health in childhood and relative indicators of health in childhood compared with peers.Chapter 5-7 comprehensively discusses the influence of childhood health on the long-term labor market performance of micro individuals.Firstly,it discusses the mechanism and approach of the long-term effect of childhood health,namely the human capital effect of childhood health.Then,it discusses the influence of childhood health on employment and wage income respectively.Chapter 8 is the conclusion.The conclusions and limitations of the study are expounded,and the use of different childhood health measures is reconsidered.In terms of research methods,this paper draws on the ideas and methods of relevant foreign studies and reconstructs the measurement index system of childhood health.In the human capital effect part,according to the types of dependent variables,methods such as ordinary least square method,linear probability model,Orderprobit and so on were adopted,and the results were tested for robustness.The employment effect part adopts the Probit model.In the aspect of wage income,OLS and Heckman two-stage method were selected as the main analysis tools according to the sample selection bias in the job market.Through empirical analysis,this study reaches the following conclusions:First,health status in childhood can significantly affect the formation of healthy human capital and educational human capital in adulthood.Specifically,different indicators of the health dimension in childhood significantly affect the self-rated health in adulthood,as well as the health of peers,chronic diseases,difficulties in daily life,difficulties in instrumental daily life,subjective prediction of life expectancy,depression and other healthy human capital outcomes.Health status in childhood also significantly affects health indicators closely linked to healthy human capital outcomes,such as malnutrition,obesity,overweight,and memory.In addition,childhood health status also had a significant impact on unhealthy behaviors such as smoking and heavy drinking.By household registration,the influence of childhood health dimension index on sample population of agricultural household registration was more obvious.The effect on the health outcomes and health behaviors of the non-agricultural population in adulthood was not significant.Health status in childhood has a significant impact on the attainment of higher educational attainment.There was a significant positive correlation between childhood health status and adult education level.In both male and female samples,the indicators of childhood health dimension reflected better health status and were more likely to achieve higher education level.In the agricultural population,the physical health and mental health of children have a more significant influence on the possibility of obtaining higher educational level.Based on the long-term effects of various indicators of childhood health dimension on the lifetime health outcomes and education level of micro individuals,it is necessary to attach importance to the health policy and institutional arrangement in childhood,especially the input in the health status of children with agricultural household registration,for the promotion of human capital accumulation of the whole people.Second,the employment effect of childhood health continued into old age.Among the indicators of physical health in childhood,individuals who had been vaccinated as children were more likely to be reemployed in old age.This reflects the long-term effect of physical health on employment in childhood.And a history of vaccinations in childhood had a greater effect on the sample of agricultural household registration.In addition,among the economic factors that affect the employment choice of the elderly,it was found that the physiological health,social and psychological health,and nutritional health indicators in childhood all had significant effects on the difference of pension income.The variables of overall childhood health and childhood vaccination had significant influence on the difference of receiving financial support from children.This also suggests that the effect of childhood health on employment in old age is partially diluted over the life cycle,but still has a lifelong impact on employment.Third,health status during childhood has a significant long-term effect on job income.The effects of income from the first job,the second job and the third job were investigated,taking into account the problem of job transition in the life cycle.First,almost all dimensions of childhood health had a significant impact on first job earnings.First jobs tend to be first held in adulthood,and earnings tend to reflect more immediately the impact of childhood health.Adequate nutrition during childhood significantly contributed to the income of the first agricultural job.In addition to the impact of childhood nutrition,the income of the first nonagricultural job is also significantly affected by the social and psychological health of childhood,the adequate nutrition of childhood,and the overall assessment health of childhood.That is,the income of different types of work is affected differently by the dimension of childhood health.Further,the first non-agricultural job was subdivided into three types: employment,self-employment and military work.It was found that the income of self-employment was not significantly affected by the health of children.Employment income is affected by health indicators other than physical health in childhood,which may be caused by the health screening mechanism in employment itself.In military jobs,a history of health care,such as childhood vaccinations,significantly boosted earnings.When testing the sample selection bias,it was found that the inverse mills ratio of self-employed work and military work was not significant,and there was no sample selection bias in these two types of work,and the research conclusion still followed the regression results of ordinary least square method.After the sample selection bias was corrected for the rest of the job types,the conclusion remained basically unchanged.Only in the off-farm job income type,the promotion effect of childhood vaccination variable on the first off-farm job income changed from insignificant to significant.By sample and household regression,childhood vaccination increased men’s first off-farm job earnings,but had no significant effect on women.It should be noted that for individuals with agricultural household registration at birth,the first off-farm job income was significantly affected by overall childhood health,childhood psychosocial health,and childhood physical health,while in the off-farm household registration sample,the results were not significant.In addition,adequate nutrition during childhood increases income without gender or household registration system differences.In a second study of off-farm earnings,the psychosocial health of children turned negative.This suggests that there is a possibility that,unlike the first off-farm job,individuals place a greater emphasis on spiritual satisfaction and fulfillment in their second job choice.However,adequate nutrition in childhood still has an obvious promoting effect on wage income.After correcting for sample selection bias,the direction and significance of the coefficients changed little in the second and third off-farm jobs.Nutritional health during childhood can significantly increase earnings,regardless of how many jobs you’ve moved from one job to another.Based on the above empirical results,this paper gives three countermeasures and suggestions.First of all,we should pay attention to children’s medical care input and improve human capital accumulation.We should pay attention to the physical health of children,reduce the bedridden due to illness,invest in the medical care of children,pay attention to the mental health of children,nutrition and so on.The government should strengthen the medical insurance arrangement for children’s health.The health capital accumulation of the children should be improved from the source.Through the dynamic complementary effect of health capital,the education level in adulthood and the formation of healthy human capital should be improved,so as to improve the comprehensive quality of the population.Secondly,we should attach importance to the investment in rural children’s health and adjust the distribution pattern of income inequality.Based on the low efficiency of rural resource allocation in China,it is necessary to strengthen the investment in rural children’s health.In particular,attention needs to be paid to the psychosocial health of rural children,which has an important impact on promoting their access to education.Improve the health of children with agricultural household registration,improve their future economic income,and further adjust the unequal distribution pattern of income.Finally,we need to invest more in the health of children in less developed areas to stop the recurring problem of poverty at its root.Where economic development is relatively poor,public health policies are well suited to intervene at source.Improve childhood health,improve intergenerational accumulation of human capital,and break the cycle of poverty at its root. |
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