Study On Ecological Compensation Of Returning Farmland To Forest In Shaanxi Province From The Perspective Of Spatial Heterogeneity

One of the main problems of the project is how to reasonably compensate the farmers participating in the project,which is also the key to the success of the project.However,in the process of practice,the compensation method of the current standard gradually shows many disadvantages,such as unreasonable selection of compensation objects and objectives,"one size fits all" compensation standard,unreasonable evaluation of compensation ecological effect and so on.This is mainly because the spatial heterogeneity is not considered when setting the compensation mechanism.Ecological compensation has the attribute of geography and is bound to be affected by different geographical regions.Under the influence of various natural factors,the external economy of space is caused,and the compensated ecological service projects have spatial correlation,which leads to the change of the spatial pattern of the ecological environment and the spatial heterogeneity.However,the regional difference of economic level leads to the difference of regional spatial pattern,which basically determines the spatial difference of ecological compensation in different regions.In addition,the differences of ecological compensation ability,compensation mode and environmental protection consciousness under different socio-economic development are also the main factors leading to the differences of compensation mechanism.In view of this,this paper attempts to construct a compensation mechanism with spatial heterogeneity,which has very important theoretical and practical significance.Firstly,based on the analysis of the connotation of compensation for returning farmland to ecological forest,combined with the theoretical knowledge of ecology,economics and other disciplines,and according to the situation of returning farmland to forest in Shaanxi Province,this paper optimizes the selection of compensation areas and objectives,determines the order of compensation objects,and then affects the possible additionality of compensation.Then,the heterogeneity of ecosystem services,the heterogeneity of participation costs of returning farmland and the heterogeneity of ecological vulnerability caused by compensation objects under different spatial conditions are analyzed,and the compensation limit interval,adjustment coefficient and accounting standard of spatial differentiation are determined.Then,it analyzes the spatial effect and its influencing factors of the ecological effect of the implementation of the current compensation policy,in order to verify the spatial heterogeneity of the ecological effect,and designs the realization path of the effect of spatial differentiation,so as to provide technical and policy support and guidance to farmers,avoid the risk of farmers’ rehabilitation and improve the durability of returning farmland projects.Finally,on the basis of summarizing the full text,this paper puts forward countermeasures and suggestions to ensure the further development of the ecological compensation policy of returning farmland to forest,and points out the shortcomings of the article and prospects for the future.According to the above research ideas,the conclusions of this paper are summarized as follows:(1)The improvement of ecological environment is the most significant reflection of the performance evaluation of returning farmland to forest,and it is also the overall goal of the project.This paper uses the spatial econometric model to verify the spatial heterogeneity of eco-environmental quality.From the analysis results,it can be seen that the eco-environmental quality of each district and county in Shaanxi Province forms three significant agglomeration spaces: low EI index low spatial lag low value agglomeration area,which is mainly distributed in Guanzhong and Northern Shaanxi,including 24 districts and counties.Low EI index-high spatial lag low value aggregation area,mainly distributed in Hanzhong,Ankang,Hancheng,Baoji and other urban areas,Zhouzhi,Chenggu,Mianxian,Hanyin and other counties and regions,belonging to the area with low eco-environmental quality index.High EI index-high spatial lag high value aggregation area,mainly distributed in the south of northern and southern Shaanxi,including 5 districts and counties.Based on the results of global and local spatial autocorrelation test,it can be seen that there is an obvious spatial correlation in the regional ecological environment quality of Shaanxi Province.If this spatial effect is ignored in the process of studying the ecological compensation for returning farmland to forests in Shaanxi,it may affect the correctness of the standard of ecological compensation,the ecological effect of compensation and the selection of compensation objects,and then affect the fairness and justice of the process of returning farmland to forests.(2)Spatial selection of ecological compensation for returning farmland to forest from the perspective of spatial heterogeneity.The essence of spatial choice of ecological compensation is to deal with the fair and equitable distribution of relatively limited ecological compensation assets,which is the key to the normal operation of ecological compensation mechanism.Based on the calculation of ecosystem GDP,priority index of ecological compensation and ecological sensitivity,combined with the specific conditions of various regions in Shaanxi Province,the final results of cluster analysis of priority selection of ecological compensation show that the key compensation areas are Yulin City and Yan’an City,which are the main ecological protection barriers in Shaanxi Province.They provide a high level of ecosystem services and strong ecological sensitivity Low level of economic development;The priority compensation areas are Hanzhong City and Ankang City,which are areas where the value of ecosystem services,ecological sensitivity and economic development are limited;The general compensation areas include Tongchuan City and Shangluo City,which belong to the areas with backward ecosystem service value and economic level;Potential compensation areas include Xi’an,Baoji,Xianyang and Weinan,which are relatively developed in economy,low pressure on ecological work and low spillover of ecosystem services.(3)Ecological compensation standard of returning farmland to forest from the perspective of spatial heterogeneity.At this stage,when returning farmland to forest ecological compensation is carried out in most areas,they often choose a unified compensation method and engage in the so-called "one size fits all compensation",without considering the impact of spatial differences.The ecological compensation of returning farmland to forest without spatial differences will inevitably cause damage to the rights and interests of farmers.Based on the analysis of the main factors affecting the compensation standard,this paper introduces the dynamic adjustment coefficient to construct the compensation standard model reflecting the spatial heterogeneity,and then calculates the reasonable amount of ecological compensation for returning farmland to forest in various cities of Shaanxi Province.The research results show that the compensation standard of Hanzhong and Ankang should be the highest,and that of Xianyang should be the lowest.The compensation standard can not only reflect the return brought by the cost of returning farmland to forest,but also reflect the ecological and economic benefits generated by returning farmland to forest.It is a more reasonable compensation standard.Through the analysis of Arc GIS software combined with the reality of cities in Shaanxi Province and with the help of GWR Model,it is found that the economic and social development level,the quality level of returning farmland to forest and the ecological location of cities in Shaanxi Province show obvious positive correlation driving characteristics for the regional compensation standard for returning farmland to forest,and have significant regional spatial distribution characteristics at the same time.The differences between adjacent regions are small and have obvious spatial effects.(4)Ecological compensation effect of returning farmland to forest from the perspective of spatial heterogeneity.No matter which level of government department,its decision of returning farmland to forest ecological compensation will be affected by the financial transfer payment of the superior government.In order to analyze the path of its impact,combined with the spatial econometric model,this paper analyzes the ecological effect of the compensation transfer payment policy from the perspective of spatial heterogeneity,and finds that the government’s transfer payment policy has a positive promoting effect on the ecological protection of returning farmland to forest,the sustainability of the policy is very significant,and has an obvious spatial spillover effect.The results show that the higher the transfer payment,the more significant the actual ecological effect of the current compensation transfer payment policy.The government will have more funds to strengthen ecological and environmental protection,so as to solve the problem of resource allocation between the central and local governments.The enhancement of local governments’ financial autonomy will inevitably improve the allocation efficiency of compensation funds.(5)The safeguard measures of returning farmland to forest ecological compensation for spatial differences.The results show that the spatial difference of ecological compensation for returning farmland to forest must be adjusted in an appropriate range.We should strengthen the reform of transfer payment system,evaluate the performance of transfer payment of ecological compensation for returning farmland to forest,improve the compensation management system in key areas,build policy tools for regional ecological compensation,and focus on the spatial selection of ecological compensation areas for returning farmland to forest,so as to innovate the ecological compensation mechanism of diversified regions.