| The desert ecosystem is an important part of China’s terrestrial ecosystem and is a representative ecosystem in Northwest China.The ecological environment of the desert nature reserves is fragile.Therefore,it is necessary to realise scientific and effective ecological protection compensation.Based on the theory and the practice of ecological protection compensation at home and abroad,combined with a field investigation of desert nature reserves,this study demonstrates a value evaluation mechanism based on dominant ecosystem service functions and analyses the main body,the object and the standard of ecological protection compensation in the case of desert nature reserves in China.To optimise the ecological protection compensation of the nature reserves in China and provide the guarantee of ecological civilisation construction,this paper analysed the ecological protection compensation mechanism of the nature reserves.Baijitan National Nature Reserve is located in the eastern desert area of Lingwu City,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.It is a typical desert nature reserve with the main vegetation types of grasslands and deserts as well as transition zones from grasslands to deserts.It is an important nature reserve in northern China that protects the desert ecosystem,including resident wild animals and plants.Baijitan National Nature Reserve is located at the edge of the Mu Us sandy land and the desert area in the east of the Yellow River irrigation area in Lingwu City.It plays an important role in protecting the Yellow River,maintaining the surrounding ecological security and improving the surrounding ecological environment.However,its ecological environment is relatively fragile compared to other ecosystem.Based on the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-Normalized Difference Vegetation Index time series data and supported by the Arc GIS10.7 software,this study estimated the annual maximum vegetation coverage of the nature reserve since it was promoted to a national nature reserve(2000–2019)using a pixel dichotomy model,analysed the change regularity of the sandy land type using a supervised classification method and evaluated the ecological protection effect of the nature reserve.This paper analyses the Gross Domestic Product of the leading ecosystem service function of the reserve,the windbreak and sand fixation function and the spatial flow characteristics and attenuation law from 2000 to 2019.Combined with the ecological construction cost of the reserve,the differentiated ecological protection compensation mechanism is formulated using the direct cost method.The main conclusions of this study are as follows:1.The vegetation coverage of the reserve increased gradually,showing an upward trend on both seasonal and annual scales,with an annual increase of 0.013.The area changes of the mobile and fixed dunes are most considerable in the sand source area of the nature reserve.The mobile dune gradually changed from the largest area to the smallest sand type;whereas,the fixed dune gradually changed from the smallest type to the largest sand type.2.The rate of windbreak and sand fixation in Baijitan Nature Reserve increased gradually on the time scale.On the spatial scale,the function of windbreak and sand fixation in Baijitan Nature Reserve decreases gradually with the increase of radiation distance.The area with a radiation range ≤6(transmission distance < 508.05 km)has the largest reduction of sand deposition per unit area(389.95t·km-2)and the biggest radiation benefit of 5.67 × 107 yuan.The area with a radiation range class ≥9(transmission distance > 1184.99 km)has the longest radiation distance,a reduction of sand deposition per unit area of 389.95 t·km-2 and the lowest radiation benefit of only 4.44 × 107 yuan.It shows that the closer the distance to Baijitan Nature Reserve,the more obvious is the benefit of the windbreak and sand fixation.Moreover,with an increasing radiation distance,the service benefit of the windbreak and sand fixation in the radiation area decreases gradually.3.The basis of the ecological protection compensation mechanism is the direct input cost of the nature reserves and the attenuation law of the dominant ecosystem service function.The direct investment cost of Baijitan Nature Reserve is approximately 219.16 million yuan per year.According to the attenuation law of the dominant ecosystem service function,the ecological protection compensation sharing coefficient of each administrative region in the downwind direction is calculated based on two aspects:(1)considering and(2)not considering economic factors.Considering the economic factors,the administrative region that must pay the highest ecological protection compensation fund is the Shaanxi province.Meanwhile,when not considering the economic factors,the ecological protection compensation sharing coefficient increased by 5.58%.Further,the Henan province is observed to have the highest ecological protection compensation fund(34.38 million yuan).The comprehensive relation among the development level,radiation distance and radiation area of the downwind administrative region is the main reason for the change of the ecological protection compensation standard.In general,the vegetation coverage of the reserve increased considerably from 2000 to 2019,the vegetation spatial change law was obvious and the function of wind prevention and sand fixation was gradually enhanced,indicating that the ecological protection and reserve construction achieved remarkable results to a certain extent.Based on the theoretical and empirical analyses,this study preliminarily designed an ecological protection compensation mechanism.Further,the basic framework of the ecological protection compensation mechanism was constructed based on the analysis of the direct investment costs associated with the nature reserves and the attenuation law of the dominant ecosystem service function.In addition,two specific ecological protection compensation modes,in which economic factors were considered and not considered,were proposed. |
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