| Objective The aim of the present study was to analyze the current situation and the core symptoms of college students’ internet usage,and analyze the related factors;clarify the psychological mechanism of problematic internet use,explore the role of psychological factors such as alexithymia and cognitive emotion regulation;study the resting state EEG and task state EEG of problematic online game users,reveal the EEG characteristics and find electrophysiological markers;and short-term mindfulness training was conducted to follow-up intervention for problematic online game users and discovered the electrophysiological markers of the psychological intervention.Methods 1 The cross-sectional study was conducted,including a total of 3198 college students from a university in Tangshan.The current situation of college students’ internet use was analyzed by questionnaire survey method.Random forest models were used to compare the importance of different influencing factors.Network analysis was used to explore the relationship between important influencing factors and problematic internet use.2 The cross-sectional study was used to include 70 problem Internet users and 60 normal control groups,investigated the differences of different neural oscillations in the resting state of the two groups.The classical dual-choice Oddball experimental paradigm was used to compare the differences in general inhibition control ability between the two groups.A modified dual-choice Oddball experimental paradigm was used to compare the differences in specific inhibition control between the two groups.3 Using the intervention study,the 70 problematic Internet users included were randomly divided into intervention group(35 cases)and control group(35 cases),the intervention group received 8 consecutive days of mindfulness intervention training.Resting and tasking EEG data were collected again after the intervention,and self-assessment questionnaire data were collected before,post,and 1,2,and 4 weeks after the intervention.Results 1 The detection rate of problematic internet usage in this university students was 28.2%.The closeness centrality and strength centrality indicators were “tantrums due to others disturbing the Internet”(0.0049,1.25)and “irritability due to lack of Internet access”(0.0046,1.21).The between centrality indicators were "tantrums due to interference from others on the Internet"(28)and "neglect of work and life due to Internet access"(21).2 The most important factors affecting the problematic internet use were "negative cognitive emotion regulation strategy" and "alexithymia",with the mean accuracy reduction of 18.83 and 17.93,respectively,and the mean Gini index of 48.96 and 45.00,respectively;Negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies partially mediated between alexithymia and problematic network use,accounting for 55.6% of the total effect;In the network analysis model of alexithymia and cognitive emotion regulation strategies,the closeness centrality indicators of the problematic Internet use group were “externally oriented thoughts”(0.0112)and “rumination”(0.0108),the between centrality indicators were “catastrophization”(24)and “difficulty identifying emotions”(20),the strength centrality indicators were“refocusing on planning”(1.165)and “catastrophizing”(1.189),and the bridge centrality indicators were “externally oriented thoughts”(0.699)and “catastrophizing”(0.232).In the normal group,the closeness centrality indicators were “positively refocusing”(0.0022)and“blaming others”(0.0060),the between centrality indicators were “positively refocusing”(48)and “blaming others”(40),the strength centrality indicator were “blaming others”(1.326)and “refocusing plan”(1.124),and the bridge centrality index were “externally oriented thoughts”(0.598)and “blaming others”(0.294).3 In the resting state of open eyes,the power spectrum of the α and θ bands of F2,Fz,F3,P1 and P3 and the θ band of P5 in the group of problematic internet games was significantly smaller than that of the normal control group(t=-2.147,-2.039,-2.823,-2.182,-2.465,-1.97,-2.31,-2.763,-1.989,-3.036,-2.115,P<0.05);In the resting state of closed eyes,the power spectrum of the problematic internet game user group in the θ band of electrode points Fz and Cz was significantly smaller than that of the normal control group(t=-2.117,-1.951,P =0.039,0.056).4 In terms of specific inhibition control ability,the N2 difference wave(biased stimulus minus standard stimulus)was significantly higher in the problematic internet game user group than in the control group at the electrode points of F3,Fz,F4,FC3 and FC4(F=4.548,4.537,6.831,4.187,5.220,P<0.05);The N2 difference waves at the five electrode points(F3,F4,Fz,Fc3 and Fc4)were significantly negatively correlated with the IAT and IGDS scores(r=-0.437,-0.473,-0.500,-0.402,-0.472,-0.417,-0.452,-0.505,-0.386,-0.469).5 The power spectrum of the Fz-θ and Cz-θ of the POGU in the resting-state eye-closed state was increased significantly after the intervention.At post-intervention,one-week,two-week,and four-week,IGD scores were significantly lower than those in the control group(F=10.734,35.772,36.364,67.114,P<0.001);At one-week,two-week,and four week,the intervention group had significantly lower levels of craving than the control group(F=12.289,39.537,24.931,P<0.05);At one-week,two-week,and four week,the intervention group scored significantly lower than the control group(F=19.581,16.652,18.889,P<0.001);At posttesting,one-week,two-week,and four week,the obsessive-compulsive thinking scores and compulsive behavior scores in the intervention group were significantly lower than those in the control group(F=10.048,9.191,17.041,14.975,9.312,9.460,22.047,17.404,P<0.05);At one week and two week,the intervention group scored significantly more than the control group on the mindfulness scale(F=6.062,6.647,P<0.05);At one week,two week,and four week,depression and anxiety scores were significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group(F=5.095,17.246,12.242,4.199,18.294,9.701,P<0.05).At one week,two week,and four week,the intervention group scored significantly lower on self-blame strategies than the control group(F=11.467,6.266,7.032,P<0.05).Conclusion 1 The results reveal that the detection rate of problematic Internet use is higher,and negative emotions after withdrawal and more craving for the Internet are the core symptoms of problematic Internet use.2 Junior year,anxiety,maternal emotional warmth,extraversion,alexithymia,negative strategies,emotional stability,major and physical exercise are associated with PIU.3 PIU tends to choose ineffective and inflexible emotion regulation patterns such as "catastrophizing" and " rumination",which increases the possibility of impulsive use of internet.4 The power spectrum of α and θ rhythms may be the electrophysiological marker of diminished attentional control in POGU.5 N2 components may be the neural marker of deficits of specific inhibitory control in POGU.6Mindfulness intervention can induce endogenous θ oscillations to strengthen the cognitive control and improve the self-regulation mode of POGU,and FM-θ can be used as an electrophysiological marker of mindfulness intervention.Figure 45;Table 40;Reference 265. |
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