Research On The Evolution Of Chinese School Physical Education Value Orientation In The First Half Of The 20th Century

Although the first half of the 20 th century in China,1900-1949,is not considered a long period of history as defined by the historian Braudel,it was an era of sudden changes in the value orientation of school physical education in China due to the strong invasion of Western modernity,it is facing the predicament situation of the "major changes unseen in a thousand years".What to the "Nation" better life as the highest purpose of the national socialist sports,school sports,and nationalistic sports,what to "Individual" better life as the ultimate goal of the naturalist school physical education,and what to the "Community" better life as the highest ideal of newdemocratic school physical education,with a macroscopic viewpoint that can accommodate different historical civilizations to look,we can recognize that Chinese school sports in the first half of the 20 th century,whether it was about the fate of the nation,the health of individual students,or the physical fitness of groups of students,These aspects are not in a completely independent and unrelated state,the fact may be that there has always been some degree of complementarity between them.That is to say,the value of a better life determined by the deep cultural structure has always been the latent logic of the evolution of the value orientation of school physical education in China.Although the value orientation of school physical education in this period had superficial structural "adjustments" "breakthroughs" and "sublimation" in the structure,when we look at it for a long time,we will be shocked by how powerful and far-reaching these dimensions of influence are so that the values orientation of contemporary school physical education is not immune from their intervention and penetration.In this sense,reviewing and deeply exploring the deep logic of the evolution of the value orientation of school physical education in China in the first half of the 20 th century has greater theoretical enlightenment and ideological enlightenment significance for the value orientation of school physical education today based on a better life.Since the birth of human beings,a better life has become the goal of people’s assiduous pursuit.However,"what is a better life" and "how to live a better life" have various understandings in different nations and different eras.A better life in ancient civilizations was deeply embedded in the social community,and it was interdependent and co-prosperous with the social community.The better life in traditional societies as a whole transcends the mutual support of the social community,but in the traditional society where different cultures transcend and breakthrough,people’s understanding and practice of a better life are also different.A better life in modern society is based on the mutual achievement of Western modernity of detaching from the social community,of course,with the growing crisis of modernity since the 20 th century,a better life promised by Western modernity is also suffering from a certain mythical disenchantment.In addition,the definition of "school physical education" and "value orientation" in this study is also a continuation of the above-mentioned ideological approach,which seeks to understand the authenticity of value orientation by unfolding the trajectory from the long historical time of value.Finally,this study selects "the better life" as the research perspective to examine the evolution of the value orientation of school physical education in the first half of the 20 th century,which the basic original intention is regarding the rich concept of a better life shaped by ideological cultural and social interaction as the clue,trying to find a unique historical development process that can achieve the mutual integration of traditional Chinese culture and Western modernity,and also include Western historical experience,and explain the evolution of the value orientation of school physical education in China at the same time.In early twentieth-century China,due to the deep invasion of western colonialism,"national supremacy" has indeed become the main value orientation of school physical education in modern China.But this does not indicate the practice of value orientation of "militarism" and "nationalism" in the school stadium area is the result of planning and careful deliberation on the state or the times.The so-called value orientation of militarism of school physical education and the value orientation of nationalism never had a fixed essence,but a "going with the flow" product with complex physiognomy was a "going with the flow" with a complex face.In modern China,the emergence of the concept of "individual" essentially coincided with the disintegration of traditional social integration structures.Even so,the "individual" at this time can acquire legitimacy or legitimacy if and only if it is contingent and only if it is the carrier of the "national".That is to say,in the late period of the New Culture Movement,the naturalistic school of physical education,which paid attention to individual values and the spirit of the times,apparently made a structural breakthrough in its value orientation,but in reality,it was nothing more than the illusion of Western modernity of "the theory of tool-making" and the "the way of evolution",the illusion of Western modernity of "the way of evolution",which also contains a strong orientation of physical discipline and instrumentalization of nationalism.The school physical education of the new democracy mainly refers to the school physical education practice led by the Chinese Communist Party with the educational policy of "national,scientific,and popular",and taking "the community" as the ultimate value purview in the revolutionary base areas and liberated areas.The community here is the sublimation and transcendence of the individual subject,and it is the proper meaning of the full realization of the individual subject.It changes the single physiognomy of "community" in the traditional social organism and shows the dialectical unity of inheritance and creativity,history,and modernity of the meaning of "community" in the process of adapting Marxism to the Chinese.This is reflected in the school’s physical education,whether it was during the anti-Japanese war period when it was proposed to "train the iron bones of the Class of workers and peasants to defeat all enemies" and "exercise physically to fight Japan",or during the liberation period,when the purpose of "sports serve the people" was established,all of them reflect that school physical education during the New Democracy period serves the health and comprehensive development of the majority of students,and reflect the distinctive value line of the Chinese Communist Party to seek happiness for students through school physical education.The value orientation of "militarism" school physical education and the value orientation of "nationalism" value does not have a universal and constant nature but are only specific products of a certain historical stage.The institutional construction of the modern nation-state has only existed for two or three hundred years in human history.Therefore,when thinking about the evolution of the value orientation of school physical education in China in the first half of the 20 th century,we do not need to consider this phase of the vassal state as a constant state of the value orientation of school physical education in the future;there must be a time limit or endpoint for its termination or improvement,and the only uncertainty is when and where it will be terminated or reshaped.In addition,the naturalistic school physical education,which was "taking students as the fundamental,emphasized the free development of individuality,and focused on fostering the spirit of democracy,freedom,equality,fraternity and so on",and its fostering and emphasizing of "individual" were confined to or limited to the breakthrough or liberation of the student’s "individual" external behavior norm,but lack of exploration and respect for the inner value of supporting students "individual".Thus,the value choice of school physical education in China today should be rooted in and beyond the naturalistic value orientation of school physical education in that era,and dig deep into the rich implication of the intrinsic value of the "individual" of its students,the weakening of the instrumental demand of the "nation" of school physical education,and trying to make a "purpose" and "tool" value of school physical education obtain a substantial sense of harmony and balance,harmony and symbiosis in China at present.In addition,although caring for the physical training of the student body is a proper part of the "new democratic" value orientation of school physical education,glorifying the "community" and highlighting the "individual" was not an either-or dilemma for school physical education at that time.In fact,after the baptism of the new democracy,the social mission "community" of school physical education and the purposeful value of the comprehensive and free development of "individual" have been organically unified to a certain extent.In this sense,the value orientation of "people-oriented,moral education" of school physical education in the new era is never a rigid reversal of the apparent value interest of the "community" of students,the fact may be that the value orientation of school physical education in the new era has never derogated to the value of "community" of students,nor has it ever exalted the absolute subject value of the "individual" of students.History and reality,the community and the individual,in the value orientation of physical education in every era,should always be an isomorphic relationship of mutually enabling and mutually generating.