Research On The Personnel Exchanges Between The Wei, Jin, Southern And Northern Dynasties And Gogurye

Koguryo was an important national regime in the northeast frontier during the Han and Tang Dynasties.For a long time,it had constant contacts with the Central Plains Dynasty.For the moment,the academic research on the relationship between the Central Plains Dynasty and Koguryo is mostly concentrated in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.By comparison,in the Wei,Jin,southern and Northern Dynasties,the exchange between the Central Plains Dynasty and Koguryo was still in the exploratory stage due to the immature conditions in various aspects,such as frequent regime changes,underdeveloped navigation technology,and the introduction of Buddhism into Haidong region.Even so,there were still frequent personnel exchanges between the two sides during this period,including official envoys,folk monks and immigrants,which was of great significance for the communication and maintenance of bilateral relations,and lay the foundation for the communication between Sui and Tang Dynasties and the Korean Peninsula,it serves as a link between the preceding and the following.Envoys were the official representatives who connected the wei,Jin,southern and Northern dynasties with Koguryo.Based on the records of Chinese official history and Korean historical records of the Three Kingdoms,combined with the existing research,Koguryo sent envoys 158 times to the Wei,Jin,southern and Northern Dynasties,and the Wei,Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties sent envoys to Koguryo 22 times.From the frequency of sending envoys,Koguryo focuses on the formation of the Central Plains regime and appropriately maintains its relationship with the southern regime.For one thing: first,compared with the southern regime,Koguryo was closer to the Central Plains and has unique geographical advantages;second,the overall strength of the northern regime was slightly stronger than that of the South most of the time.Out of the need to make friends with a powerful regime,Koguryo’s foreign exchange strategy was indisputable.In particular,due to the repeated rise of northern hegemony such as Qianyan,qianqin,houzhao,Houyan,Beiyan and Northern Wei Dynasty,Koguryo had to pay more attention to the development of relations with the northern regime.The main types of envoys sent by Koguryo to the Wei,Jin,southern and Northern Dynasties were tribute envoys,and the other types were congratulation envoys,gratitude envoys,repair envoys and pilgrimage envoys.Tribute became the main responsibility of Koguryo envoys in this period.In contrast,as the tributary of Koguryo,there were great differences in the number of envoys to Koguryo and the distribution of political power in the Wei,Jin,southern and Northern Dynasties.In the southern regime,Liu Song sent envoys to Koguryo twice and Nanliang sent envoys once;Northern regime,Cao Wei,pre Qin and Northern Qi,once each,and 16 times in Northern Wei.There were no records of envoys in the Southern Qi,southern Chen,Eastern Wei,Western Wei and Northern Zhou dynasties.The Northern Wei Dynasty was the regime with the closest contacts with Koguryo.The Northern Wei Dynasty implemented a strict selection system for envoys.Family background,knowledge and ability,official rank and so on constituted the consideration criteria.Envoys have different official grades and different mission types,including Tonghao,canonization,imperial edict,greeting and questioning.Meanwhile,the Northern Wei Dynasty implemented the corresponding reward and punishment system for envoys,rewarded envoys who successfully completed their tasks in the form of promotion,and punished those who humiliated their mission in the form of demotion.Monks were another important group in the personnel exchanges between the two sides.They have made indelible contributions to spreading Buddhist culture and promoting friendly relations between the two sides,which injected fresh blood into the personnel exchanges during this period.In the second half of the 4th century,Buddhism was first introduced into Koguryo through the pre Qin Dynasty in the Central Plains.Then,Koguryo monk Lang came to Southern Qi to seek Dharma,and monks from both sides began frequent exchanges.This period,the activities of monks were mostly concentrated in southern areas,such as the Eastern Jin Dynasty,the Southern Qi Dynasty,the Liang Dynasty and Chen Dynasty.Such as,Koryo Taoists sought Dharma in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.During the Southern Qi Dynasty,monk Lang went to the Qixia Temple in Jinling to learn Dharma.During the southern Chen Dynasty,Koryo’s wisdom swayed in Yangdu.During the southern Chen Dynasty,Nan Chen shiboruo listened in Jinling.During the Northern Dynasty,Indian mages once gave lectures in Shu,and real mages taught three theories in Danyang,Yuezhou and other places.In the form of communication,the exchanges between monks show distinct political characteristics,teacher inheritance relationship,simple Buddhist communication and so on.At the same time,Koguryo monks also had many contacts with emperors,scholars and other social strata of the Southern Dynasty.The exchange of monks between the two sides during this period not only directly promoted the development of their respective Buddhism,but also indirectly accelerated the process of Buddhism in Baiji,Xinluo and other ancient Korean Peninsula areas.Immigrants were the main group in the personnel exchanges between Wei,Jin,southern and Northern Dynasties and Koguryo.In the Wei,Jin,southern and Northern Dynasties,the Central Plains Dynasty paid more and more attention to Koguryo.At the same time,Koguryo also further expanded its foreign exchanges,as well as the cold climate and frequent natural disasters,which created conditions for immigration exchanges between the two sides.Among them,the period from Cao Wei to the end of the Western Jin Dynasty,the sixteen countries of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Northern Dynasty were the main period of immigration into Koguryo.During the Zhengshi period of the Cao Wei Dynasty(244-246),Guanqiujian conquered Koguryo and won.A large number of Koguryo beauties flowed into liaodong,liaoxi and the Central Plains,setting off an early wave of Koguryo immigrants in this period.After the Yongjia rebellion,there were more and more immigrants from Koguryo to the 16 countries of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the northern and Southern Dynasties.A large number of Koguryo prisoners of war,refugees and other ordinary people were mostly attributed to the murongyan regime.Koguryo celebrity families moved to the Central Plains,and Koguryo monks settled in the mainland for life.Koguryo immigrants were mainly of celebrity families,ordinary people,monks and other types,highlighting the distinct hierarchy.The Central Plains regime treated different types of Koguryo immigrants and their descendants,implemented open and generous immigration policies,gave them stable life security and social status,and they gradually integrated into the Central Plains Dynasty.Among them,the Koguryo family immigrants such as the Lelang Wang family and the Bohai Gao family have attracted much attention.They became an important object of royal marriage in the Northern Dynasty.This relationship was not only a symbol of friendship between the two sides,but also an important measure for the Central Plains Dynasty to form a good border regime.Meanwhile,a large number of Han officials,famous families and ordinary people immigrated to Koguryo.On the whole,the large-scale influx of immigrants into Koguryo began in the first year of Tai’an(302)of Huidi of Jin Dynasty,focusing on Sanyan and the late Northern Wei Dynasty.The immigration structure was mainly composed of three types: the upper class of Han people seeking political asylum,prisoners and refugees under social unrest.There was no lack of leaders of a country,but also famous families and ordinary people.The overall scale was smaller than that of Koguryo immigrants.From the perspective of regional origin of immigrants,most of them came from the Western Jin Dynasty,the three Yan dynasties,the Northern Wei Dynasty and other political powers.The region covers the vast northern regions such as liaodong,liaoxi and the Central Plains.The source range continues to expand,extending from Eastern Liaoning to the Central Plains.It was worth mentioning that Qianyan,Houyan and Beiyan have always been one of Koguryo’s closest exchange regimes.From the perspective of personnel exchanges,the cognitive origin of Koguryo and Murong Xianbei began with the Cao Wei Guanqiujian’s recruitment of Koguryo.For a long time,although the two sides have been in constant exchanges,Koguryo’s cognition of the former and later Yan was more complex,full of fear and helpless.Koguryo has always been subordinate to the former and later Yan.At the beginning of the 5th century,with the rise of the Northern Wei Dynasty,the decline of Beiyan and the growth and decline of several other political powers in East Asia,Koguryo’s cognition of Murong Xianbei has changed from fear to contempt.The relationship between the two sides has reversed,and the subordinate relationship between Koguryo and Murong Xianbei was no longer.On the whole,the personnel exchanges between Wei,Jin,southern and Northern Dynasties and Koguryo play a key role in connecting the preceding and the following.During this period,the personnel exchanges between official envoys,folk monks and immigrants contributed to the population flow and national integration between East Asia in the Wei,Jin,southern and Northern Dynasties,and laid a solid foundation for the exchanges between the Sui and Tang Dynasties and the Korean Peninsula.