| Sino-Indian Normalization from the late 1960 s to the 1990 s is an important and far-reaching historical event in the history of China-India relations.Using the declassified archives of India and Britain,this thesis mainly examines the transformation process of Sino-India relations from the "Cold War confrontation" after the Sino-Indian war of 1962 to the normalization of bilateral relations,and then discusses how the two countries carefully weigh their national interests through the normalization process,so as to build a relatively stable bilateral relationship.Specifically,it mainly discusses what factors prompted China and India to finally move towards reconciliation at the political and diplomatic level after 20 years of "Cold War confrontation" under the dual background of the Cold War and the geopolitical game in South Asia? How did the Sino-US-Pakistan strategic relationship and the Soviet-Indian alliance in South Asia affect Sino-Indian Relations during this period? how did the border crisis management and control mechanism of China and India come into being?The first chapter mainly discusses the initial evolution of the Sino-Indian border issue and the reasons for the abnormal relationship between the two countries after the border war in 1962 and its specific manifestations in all aspects.The Sino-Indian border issue is a problem left over from history,but the two sides have adopted different solutions based on their respective national interests.India’s rigid border proposition of "the border has been determined and there is no need for negotiation" hindered the whole negotiation process.The implementation of the provocative "forward policy" from 1960 to 1962 directly led to the 1962’s war.After that,the two countries formed the “Cold War confrontation” which political hostility,diplomatic downgrade,the freeze of economic,trade and cultural exchanges,and large-scale military confrontation on the border,the competing in the third world,and confrontation allied with foreign powers.The second chapter mainly discusses how China and India walked out of the "Cold War confrontation" of the China India border war in 1962 from 1968 to 1976,and then restored the ambassadorial level relations,revealing how the domestic politics of the two countries and the geopolitical pattern of South Asia restricted the easing of the bilateral relations.Since 1968,Premier Indira Gandhi had adjusted his border policy towards China and sought to improve bilateral relations.In 1970,Chinese leader Mao Zedong received the Indian charge d’affaires and proposed to restore bilateral relations.The two countries regard the restoration of ambassadorial relations as the first step to break the deadlock in bilateral relations.However,the geopolitical confrontation in South Asia caused by the East Pakistan crisis in 1971 interrupted the process of restoring ambassadorial relations.China and India mainly considering the cold war threat and regional power balance and alliance politics.With the easing of the situation in South Asia,it was not until June 1976 that China and India finally took this difficult step.The geopolitics of South Asia makes this process so difficult and long.The third chapter mainly discusses the preparation,negotiation process and results of Wang Bingnan’s visit to India in 1978,Indian Foreign Minister Vajpayee’s visit to China in 1979,and Chinese Foreign Minister Huang Hua’s visit to India in 1981,and then investigates all aspects of "abnormal relations" beween China and India.The contradictions and differences between China and India can be summarized into five aspects: international issues,South Asia issues,Internal Interference issues,bilateral exchanges issues,and border issues.India adheres to the "parallel policy" of linking the border issue with other bilateral issues.The debate between China and India focuses on two decoupling: first,the border issue is delinked from other issues such as economic and trade exchanges;Second,the Sino-Indian bilateral relations is delinking from thirdparty relations such as with the relations with the Soviet Union and Pakistan.The result of the talks was that both sides agreed to restart border negotiations and explore the development of other relations.China mainly creates a good surrounding environment for economic reform and opening policy,while India focuses on border issues and uses other issues to put pressure on China.The fourth chapter mainly discusses the process of eight rounds of vice ministerial annual border talks between the two countries from 1981 to 1988.The contents of the eight rounds of talks between China and India include not only solving the outstanding border issues between the two countries,but also holding negotiations on normalizing bilateral relations.In response to China’s "package" plan,India tit for tat put forward the "piecemeal solution" plan.During the negotiation process,China and India had a difficult game around the "piecemeal solution" plan.Finally,both sides compromised and agreed to discuss the border issue in piecemeal terms,but stressed that this is part of the overall solution.In addition,despite many restrictions imposed by India,China still used the negotiation as a dialogue platform to promote China India Relations in other fields such as economy,trade,science,technology and people to people and cultural exchanges.The fifth chapter mainly discusses the "Sumdorong Chu Crisis" from 1986 to 1987 and the structural transformation of China India relations.The "Sumdorong Chu Crisis" exposed the structural contradictions between China and India on the border issue,but the handling of the crisis finally led to the normalization of bilateral relations.The crisis originated in 1980 when the Indian Army crossed the “Mc Mahone line”,patrolled,set up points and encroached on Chinese territory.The Soviet Union stopped supporting India’s border position.At the same time,Rajiv Gandhi government sent special envoy to visit China to communicate secretly with China,which prompted India to adjust its policy towards China.As part of the solution to the crisis,Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi visited China in 1988 to rebuild and renew the Sino-Indian relations.Premier Li Peng’s visit to India in 1991,President Venkatarman’s visit to China in 1992 and Premier Rao’s visit to China in 1993 institutionalized the achievements of the normalization of bilateral relations.In addition,the economic and other bilateral relations have been continuously broadened and deepened,which has become an important driving force for the normalization of bilateral relations.Finally,the conclusion summarizes the concept,evolution trend and remaining problems of the Sino-Indian normalization during in the 1970 s and 1990 s.Its essence is that China and India rebuilt their bilateral relations.Its connotation not only includes the resumption of ambassador level diplomatic relations and high-level political meetings between China and India,the resumption of economic and trade exchanges and people to people and cultural exchanges,and the establishment of a set of crisis management mechanism to maintain peace and tranquility on the border issue,It also includes that two countries actively seek to get rid of the constraints of Geopolitics in South Asia and the Cold War,and independently handle bilateral relations and relations with other third countries.Sino-Indian normalization stems from the negotiation boundary issue.The main driving force is the evolution of the cold war and the reform and economic modernization of the two countries.The end of the cold war provided an opportunity for the two countries to coordinate geopolitical arrangements.The common demands of China and India for economic reform and modernization prompted the two sides,especially India,to abandon their rigid border position and seek cooperation,so as to finally promote the normalization of bilateral relations.However,the border and other issues left still haunt Sino-Indina bilateral relations. |
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