| Taking the emerging counter-expectation construction of modern Chinese as the research object,this thesis carries out research from several perspectives including cases study,evolution mechanisms,evolutionary motivations,and evolution direction,with the synchronic and diachronic research methods,based on the theory of construction grammar.The thesis consists of ten chapters,as follows:The 1st chapter is the basic part of this thesis.It mainly introduces the research background,theoretical basis,research methods,research content,research significance and corpus provenance.State-of-the-art of Chinese and foreign construction grammar research is also reviewed and sorted out.In the 2nd chapter,this chapter summarizes the basic situation of the emerging construction,expounds the construction view of this thesis,and defines the concepts of Chinese“emerging construction”and“counter-expectation".From the perspective of pragmatic driving,the following five cases involved in the study are divided into three types,i.e.,unconventional reason relationship,unconventional match relationship and unconventional causality relationship.In the 3rd chapter,“Shuo(说)Hao(好)De(的)X”is taken as an example,and divided into two types:declarative form and rhetorical form.The structure,distribution and metadiscourse function of the above two forms are analyzed,as well as the formation and evolution process of the construction of“Shuo Hao De”as rhetorical form.Above both forms can express counter-expectation function with the characteristics of metadiscourse marker.In contrast,as declarative form,the“Shuo Hao De”cannot be sentenced independently,which highlights the change process from“Shuo Hao De”X to Y,and tends to objectively state.The counter-expectation semantics requires the excitation of front and back statements,and has not yet been conventionalized.However,the " Shuo Hao De"in the rhetorical form can be sentenced independently,showing a stronger subjective feeling.The 4th chapter takes the construction "Ke(可)Neng(能)VLe(了)Jia(假)N”as an example,and analyzes the construction semantics in detail.The "Jia(假)N" has changed from a declarative syntactic structure to a counter-expectation construction,because the true and false of the construction meaning has changed.In the construction "Ke Neng V Le Jia N”,the meaning of "Jia N" is no longer a simple literal meaning,and the traditional semantic negative form becomes a pragmatic negation in the construction.According to the semantic features of "Jia N",when it expresses negative expected information,selfdeprecating and dissatisfied counter-expectation meaning is highlighted;when it expresses positive expected information,surprise counter-expectation meaning is conveyed.Besides,this chapter summarizes the semantic category and contextual environment of the construction "Ke Neng V Le Jia N",and sorts out the evolution process and motivation of its construction meaning.The 5th chapter makes a comprehensive analysis for the construction“Bu(不)Xiang(想)Dang(当)A De(的)B Bu(不)Shi(是)Hao(好)B/C”.As a double negative structure,this construction can be divided into two categories according to the relationship between "A" and "B".1)The construction " Bu Xiang Dang A1 De A2 Bu Shi Hao A2" is an original construction in which“A1”and " A2" contain hierarchical relationships.2)The constructions of " Bu Xiang Dang ADe B Bu Shi Hao B" and“Bu Xiang Dang ADe B Bu Shi Hao C" are the extended forms,expressing counter-expectation meanings.In the construction "Bu Xiang Dang ADe B Bu Shi Hao C",the three variables“A”,“B”and“C”logically conflict with the original construction,thus integrating a new construction meaning.The 6th chapter studies the contruction change process of“Yi(一)Bu(不)X Jiu(就)Y”.The construction has developed into a counter expected and non-derivable construction that represents the opaque form and meaning of subjective evaluation from derivable grammatical construction that expresses the transparent form of causality.The host-class expansion is the main driving force for development and the construction changes.The variation of“Y”leads to the extraordinary causal relationship.Combined with the semantic features of“X”,when“Y”enters the construction " YiBu XJiu Y" with the positive structure,the new construction meaning is formed after reanalysis.The 7th chapter takes the construction“Yi(一)Yan(言)Bu(不)He(合)Jiu(就)VP”as an example,and studies its provenance first.“Yi Yan Bu He”originally expresses an objective statement of“One sentence leads to no agreement(Yi Ju Hua Shuo De Bu Tou He,句话说的不投合)”.In other words,because there is no consensus,it has caused a bad situation.However,with the continuous expansion of the use context,the construction“Yi Yan Bu He”no longer refers to a specific“speech act”,but rather implies a low degree of pragmatic meaning.And the construction implies that the speaker regrets and disagrees with the behavior that leads to this consequence,because the speaker does not think that very small things can lead to serious consequences.Besides,with the rise of network language,the meaning of“Yi Yan Bu He”is becoming more and more grammaticalized.The subject involved in the behavior is changed from multiple persons to a single person,which is not related to the act of speaking,and may not even be the cause of the follow-up behavior“VP”.Therefore,the construction“Yi Yan Bu He Jiu VP”shows an abnormal causality between the early stage and the late stage,and the motivations are getting lower and lower.Combining internal and external factors,the 8th chapter studies the motivations of Chinese new emerging construction changes from the following three perspectives,including the reasons for the emergence of new construction,how to continue to implement the construction changes after the constructionalization,and the fundamental driving force for the evolution of the language system itself.The emergence of new construction is driven by language communication,de-routinization,subjectivity and interaction subjectivity,conventionalization and stance-taking,and network language traits.Driven by the innovation psychology,language users’ de-routinization to the existing structures lead to mismatches in form and meaning,which triggers a new round of reanalysis.In addition,network language has strong interactivity,which encourages language users to express the counter-expectation meaning with questions and rhetorical questions.From the perspective of evolutionary realization,the subjective and interactive subjective expression promotes the realization of the contruction changes.The 9th chapter mainly studies the evolution mechanism of the new emerging Chinese counter-expectation construction,which is formed by the interaction of internal and external mechanisms of language evolution.Reanalysis and extension are the internal mechanisms of grammatical evolution,usually related to the internal motivation of a particular language,and the main way of grammatical evolution that occurs independently in language.Mismatch,reanalysis,pragmatic inference,construction coercion,and component countersuppression and extension are the main evolution mechanisms for the emerging counterexpectation construction.In most cases,these mechanisms are complementary and interactive.The evolution of the emerging construction often begins with the mismatch,which means the expansion of the compositional component,the expansion of the variables in the construction,or the expansion of the semantic and pragmatic environment of the prototype construction.The mismatch triggers a reanalysis,which in turn extends the new constructive meaning generated by the reanalysis caused by the mismatch to the entire language system.The 10th chapter mainly discusses the semantic evolution involved in the contruction changes after constructionalization,including the following three issues:1)Discussion on the unidirectionality of contruction changes.Contruction changes can be roughly divided into three phases:under-grammaticalization,full-grammaticalization and overgrammaticalization.And the evolution of a construction always goes through the three phases.2)Relationship between the original construction and the new construction meaning The new construction meaning is always generated on the basis of the original construction meaning.And the relationship between both is mainly manifested in three aspects:generalization,differentiation and mixture.3)Characteristics of the emerging Chinese counter-expectation construction.From the perspective of form,it constitutes a polysemy isomorphism.From the perspective of evolutionary process,a new round of reanalysis is generally triggered by "mismatch",which forms a new constructive meaning under countersuppression and completes conventionalization in the case of high frequency use.The 11th chapter is the conclusion part of this thesis.The conclusions and innovations of this thesis are presented based on the above research.At the same time,the shortcomings in this study are also pointed out,which also promote research ideas and solutions for further research. |
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