A Study On The Initial Consonants Of Zhiyin In Kangxi Dictionary

"Kangxi Dictionary",formerly known as "Zi Dian"(hereinafter referred to as the "Zi Dian"),is a dictionary of characters compiled by Chen Tingjing,Zhang Yushu and others in the Qing Dynasty.It was completed in 1716,the 55th year of Kangxi.The dictionary contains 47,355 Chinese characters,divided into twelve collections Each collection is divided into three volumes.It is arranged according to 214 radicals.It is sequenced by the numbers of strokes in the internal radicals.Due to the nature of the official revision of the "Zi Dian",it has had a great influence since its promulgation.The literati and officialdom regarded it as the standard when writing an article.But as time went by,people found that "Zi Dian" has not "perfect"dictionary.Due to too many mistakes,people’s evaluation of "Zi Dian" was mostly criticism in the period of the Republic of China.Later,the academic studies on the "Zi Dian" mostly focused on the overall evaluation of its influence,status and analysis of the reasons for the mistakes.In past thirty years,the academic research on the ontology of "Zi Dian" and the influence on its dissemination have been fruitful.However,there is little mention of phonetic research on the book.For now,there are few researches on Fanqie rhymes quoted in "Zi Dian",which are still in the form of examples or samples,rather than the exploration of the phonetic system of "Zi Dian".There is no systematic research on the phonetics of "Zi Dian" for the time being,and only Mr.Wang Li’s "Pronunciation correction ’Kangxi Dictionary’" is the overall research on phonetics of "Zi Dian".In fact,although the phonetic materials of "Zi Dian" are mainly the Fanqie materials of rhyme books such as "Tang Yun","Guang Yun","Ji Yun","Yun Hui" and "Zheng Yun",the Zhiyin materials at the back can reflect some characteristics of the time pronunciation.By digging into the Zhiyin materials in the Dictionary,this paper makes a detailed analysis of the reflected phonological situation,providing new practical materials for the phonetic study in the early Qing Dynasty,and filling the gap in the phonetic study of the Dictionary,The paper mainly studies the characteristics of consonants reflected by the Zhiyin materials of "Zi Dian",summarizes and analyzes the consonant phenomenon from the macro and micro perspectives,and tries to determine the nature of the Zhiyin materials by comparing with different rhyme books in the same period.Chapter 2,Chapter 3,Chapter 4 are the main body of this paper.Chapter 2 explains the general situation of the Zhiyin consonants in "Zi Dian".There are 47635 Zhiyin materials in "Zi Dian".According to the antithesis of the rhyme books(word books)cited in "Zi Dian",this paper lists the corresponding medieval phonological status of the prefix,and compares it with the medieval phonological status of the Zhiyin syllable characters.If the ancient phonology status of the two words is the same,it means that the pronunciation represented by the Zhiyin in "Zi Dian" has not changed from the middle ancient times to the early Qing Dynasty;On the contrary,it shows that the pronunciation has changed.In this way,we can have a clear understanding of the general picture of the Zhiyin consonants in "Zi Dian".According to statistics,there was no change in 46546 of 47635 kinds of Zhiyin materials and there were changes in 1089.These 1089 cases are classified into 41 phonetic categories(that is,Bang,Pang,Bing,Ming,Fei,Fu,Feng Wei Duan Tou Ding Ni Lai Zhi Che Cheng Niang Zhuang Chu Chong Sheng Zhang Chang Chuan Shu Shan Ri Jing Qing Cong Xin Xie Jian Xi Qun Yi Xiao Xia Ying Yun Yi)in the middle ages in Chapter 2.And reasons for mixing notes are tried to analyzed one by one.The phonetic characteristics of these 1089 mixed notes are mainly discussed in Chapter 3.Combining with the research results of Chapter 2,it reveals the phonetic changing trend.Through observation and analysis,we have summarized the characteristics of the initial consonants shown in the 19 Zhiyin materials in "Zi Dian",namely:(1)The voiced consonants have a clear phenomenon,but each voiced initial consonant should still be independent.(2)The three initial consonant of(Fei,Fu,Feng)are confluent.(3)Some consonant Wei into Ming.(4)Some consonant Wei into Feng.(5)Light and heavy labial mixed.(6)Mixed notes of Group Duan and Zhi.(7)Ni and Niang are confluent.(8)Mixed notes of Ni(Niang)and Yi.(9)Mixed notes of Ni(Niang)and Ri.(10)Groups of Zhi,Zhuang,Zhang are confluent.(11)Mixed notes of Chuan and Shan.(12)Mixed notes of Chuan,Shan and Ri.(13)Mixed notes of Zhuang and Jing.(14)Mixed notes of Cong and Xie.(15)Mixed notes of guttural phonetic.(16)Mixed notes of Xia and Yun.(17)Yun and Yi are conluent into Yu.(18)Some Yi,Ying,Yu,and small part of Wei are conluent into no initial consonant.(19)Palatalization appeared in small part of Jing,mainly in Xin.It not only the phonetic characteristics of the early Qing Mandarin,but also reveals the traces of dialects(such as Wu dialect).Chapter 4 mainly discusses the nature of the Zhiyin system in "Zi Dian".First of all,there are three main sources of Zhiyin characters in "Zi Dian":select the Zhiyin characters in the book cited;select the characters in the small rhyme of the cited rhyme book as the Zhiyin character;select the Zhiyin characters according to the accent.The second source is the main one.Secondly,it is compared with the initial consonant system of "Wufang Vowels" and "Yinyun Chanwei" in the same period.The difference is that there are many dialect features in "Zi Dian".Compared with the initial consonant system of "Taigu Vowels" and "Yinyun Revise",which reflected Wu dialect in the same period,there are a lot of time-sound characteristics in the Zhiyin consonant in "Zi Dian".Thirdly,we believe that "Zi Dian" is a comprehensive system with complex phonetic system,based on the fact that the Zhiyin materials of "Zi Dian" are mainly self explanatory.There is not only a strong color of preserving ancient times,but also the characteristics of mandarin and local dialects.