Chemiluminescence And Its Application To Pharmaceutical, Biomedical And Environmental Assay

Part I- Reviews of Chemiluminescence AssayThis review deals with the application of various chemiluminescent detection methods in the fields of routine analysis and biomedical research. After an introduction to the theoretical aspects of luminescence and energy transfer, chemiluminogenic compounds belonging to different chemical classes: acylhydrazides, acridinium derivatives, peroxyoxalic derivatives, Ru(bipy)32+, acidic potassium permanganate, coelenterazines and other liquid and gas chemiluminescence systems are currently described emphasizing their applications to pharmaceutical and biomedical assays. Each of them has advantages well balanced by some drawbacks with the result that none can be definitively preferred to the others. Over 460 papers concerned with the analytical application of chemiluminescence have appeared in the literature thus far. Of the methodologies described to date, many have demonstrated that this chemistry was capable of detecting a wide variety of analytes with good sensitivity, using batch techniques, flow analysis, after separation by either LC or, more recently, capillary electrophoresis. Acylhydrazides like (iso)luminol are still the most frequently used chemiluminogenic compounds in partly because they can be used for different kinds of assays though they need a catalyst for light emission and an enhancer to be competitive in terms of sensitivity. This can result in higher background signals. Acridinium derivatives have high quantum yields even after easy coupling to proteins. As they do not need catalysts, background signals are low and high sensitivities are frequently obtained. However, the instantaneous light emission has been considered as a disadvantage (measuring problems). In the presence of a fluorescer, oxalate derivatives are the most efficient non-biological emitters. Fluorescers and oxalates are chosen independently. Efficiency and flexibility are therefore the main advantages of this system. Nevertheless, non-resolved problems of water solubility and stability added to a loss of efficiency in water certainly explain the little success of peroxyoxylate chemiluminescence in immunoassays and biomedical applications. Acidic potassium permanganate may be suitably employed as a chemiluminescence reagent for the detection of a large number of organic compounds possessed either phenolic or amine functional groups. However, optimisation of reaction conditions to afford suitable analytical performance has generally been achieved on an empirical basis at present. Coelenterazine and its analogues are essentially used inassociation with catalytic proteins as apoaequorin. Used alone, it is a specific luminogenic reagent for superoxide anion.In the last years, many papers dealing with new chemiluminogenic compounds and more dealing with applications in immunoassays and biomedical research have been published. Although significant improvements of noise and sensitivity, new developments in multianalyte analysis and biomedical assays, advances in selectivity of coupling and triggers are expected in a near future, the chemiluminescence has already become an essential tool in routine trace analysis as well as in biomedical research.Part II-Study for the Chemiluminescence AssayIn this part, based on the CL reaction of luminol and potassium ferricyanide or potassium periodate in alkaline medium and combined with flow injection technology, riboflavin, resorcinol, hydrazine and rutin have been determined in pharmaceutical preparations, air sample or body fluids by the proposed method, respectively.The first method described the determination of riboflavin based on its inhibition on the chemiluminescence (CL) of luminol-K3Fe(CN)6 system. While riboflavin mixed with K3Fe(CN)e, by the fast oxidation reaction between riboflavin and KaFe(CN)6, KUFe(CN)6 was generated, which then inhibited the CL reaction of KsFe(CN)6 and luminol in alkaline aqueous solution. The CL emission was correlated with the riboflavin concentration in the range from 0.032 to 100 ug-ml"1, and the det...