Eisenhower' Nuclear Strategy And Nuclear Armament Policy

The international political background before Eisenhower nuclear strategy came into being was: The Second World War brought a huge influence to the United States Of America.Followed the rapid expansion of economic power and military power of the U.S.A. in the wartime and postwar,the ambition of the U.S.A. pursed the hegemony grew bigger and bigger.In foreign policy,isolationism of the U.S.A. before the war turned into global expansionism rapidly.After Harry·S·Truman became President of the U.S.A.,the relationship between the U.S.A. and Soviet Union turned into confrontation,animosity.As the differences in ideology,social system between the U.S.A.and Soviet Union,and the factor of traditional animosity between their leaders and officials,cold war broke out in the end.The international economic background :The U.S.A got enormous development since the Second World War mounts military state monopoly capitalism on the basis consoliting a new deal.In the early postwar period, the American economic power was in absolute advantage all over the world.In order to help West Europe bring through economic plight and contain Soviet Union,restrain the Communist Parties of West Euope ,the U.S.A. carried out Marshall Plan,helped Euope get out of the most difficult period after the war,promoted the recovery and development of the economy of West Europe.The international military background :during the Second World War,the armed power of the Soviet Union developed greatly,Soviet Union had ecame the first class military poweer in the world.On April 4,1949,North Atlantic Treaty Organization established.NATO became a military group contained Soviet Union and East Euope. In order to object the muclear monopoly of the U.S.A,Sovit Union exploded first nuclear bomb in 1949,broked the nuclear monopoly of the U.S.A..The U.S.A. domestic political background: in the early 1950s,Macarthyism appeared in the politics of the U.S.A..It attacked and persecuted democrats and people with different viewpoints.The U.S.A. domestic economic background: In September,1953,the second postwar economic crisis of the U.S.A. broke out ,the Eisenhower Administration adopted various measures oppose the crisis.The domestic military background:the U.S.A. exploded its H-bomb in November,1952.In the early 1950s,it deployed various nuclear bombs.The reasons that nuclear strategy of the Eisenhower Administration came out had mainly two :economic reason,military reasons.Economic reason was the result of the compromise"budgetary balance sect"and"defensive priority sect".Military reasons were the lesson from Korea War,rapid development of the U.S.A nuclar weapons and Soviet Union had no direct nuclear threat to American Continent.On October 30,1953,President Eisenhower approved the revised NSC 162/2 document.The title of this document was《National Security Basic Policy》.The national security strategy in this document calld generally"New Look"stratedy.The military strategy"Massive Retaliation"strategy was in the document.The nuslear strategy of the Eisenhower Administration was in its military strategy.In its muclear strategy ,the U.S.A emphasized that nuclear weapons would be basis contained any aggression.It noticed the effect of"first attack".First attack would destroy the enemy main industrial centre,nuclear base and strategic bomber base,make the opponent lose the ability of nuclear counterattack.The U.S.A should improve the modern level and dimension promptly in nuclear power.As Eisenhower nuclear strategy came out,the U.S.A. muc.ear armament developed powerfully.The nuclear warheads amount of the U.S.A. increased from the 1350 of 1953 to 18500 of 1960.On strategic long-range bomber side, developed emphatically many styles from B-52A to B-52H.On transcontinental ballistic missile,researched and made two kinds missles.0n tactical nuclear missle side made four kinds.The U.S.A. made four generations muclear submarine,first kind muclear aircraft carrier,first nuclear missile crusier.As there were many drawbacks,"Massive Retaliation"military strategy was replaced by"Flexible Reation"military strategy of the Kennedy Administration."All out nuclear war"nuclear strategy was replaced by"Limited Impair"nuclear strategy.The nuclear strategy of the Eisenhower Administration spent a great deal of money,material,manpower.It damaged peace of world.