Discard And Exceed

This thesis probes into the poetic theory of Zhang Wentao who was the important poet in the school of nature and spirit during the period of Qian and Jia of Dynasty Qing .As the inheritor of the school of nature and spirit , he broke the limitations between different styles of poems, benefited from different teachers. His theory of poetry was the combination of the soul of the theories of Yuan and Zhao, and absorbing the useful theories of other three schools in the middle of Dynasty Qing --- verve school, pattern school and mechanism school. Zhang Wentao had formed his own style on the basis of absorbing excellence of different schools, and gave explanation to concept of "light and smooth"" poignant and new" in school of nature and spirit.The thesis is divided into five chapters.The first chapter mainly introduces the life and thoughts of Zhang Wentao. He was the descendant of official family, and was in poverty and busy in taking part in exams in the teenagers, and was in hardship in the autumn of his life. He lived a tough official life. He mixed with the thoughts of Buddhism and Taoism, and was honest and frank , selfish and noble-minded. For Zhang Wentao, he had the spirit of honesty, nobleness of Buddhism, and the spirit of integrity and pride of Taoism. All his life, the natures of the literati were obvious ,and worthy of studying in Chinese ancient history.The second chapter explains the inheriting and developing to the school of nature and spirit. According to his character, Zhang Wentao insisted true emotion, anti-imitation, creation and "I" in the poem, and his opinion was accordant with that of Yuanmei, and became the basic theory of nature and spirit. Because of the difference of times , origin and life experiences, Zhang Wentao had his own specific poem style, different from that of Yuanmei. For example , in the viewpoint of spirit and inspiration ,Zhang Wentao agreed with that of Yuan Meo and Zhaoyi . But in the viewpoint of the relationship between the spirit and nature, between the inspiration and nature, Zhang wentao had more specific explanation than Yuan Mei. In addition, Zhang Wentao creatively put "interest" and "emotion" at the same level, and discussed the opinion of "put the emotion into the poem" from the viewpoint of spirit and nature. And more importantly , Zhang Wentao emphasized paying attention to the reality, and putting forward the spirit of "polite letters". His poem .especially in his latter creation was directed to expose the reality, to show the hardship of the common people, and exceeded expressing personal emotion and personal happiness and sadness , which was the great contribution to the theory of nature and spirit.The third chapter discusses the compatibility of verve. Zhang Wentao's compatibility reflects on putting the theory of verve of Wang Shiyin into that of nature and spirit, on the basis of that, he created the theory of spirit. And Zhang Chuanshan emphasized the nature in the poem, and inherited the style of people of Yun Yangshan, seeking the artistic conception of "interest comes , inspiration comes" .On the basis of absorbing the reasonable elements , Zhang Wentao criticized the aspect of ignoring expressing the positive aspects of the society.The fourth chapter discusses the criticism and use for reference of pattern. Firstly, Zhang Wentao firmly criticized the style of Shen Deqian, using the nature and spirit as the weapon. Secondly, Zhang Wentao dialectically discussed the problem of inheriting and developing ,and was opposed to the theory of pattern of Shen Deqian. Thirdly, Zhang Wentao emphasized the spirit of criticizing reality, and was against the doctrinarism of Shen Deqian. And at the same time, Zhang Wentao absorbed the reasonable elements of poem theory of Shen Deqian , approved of the spirit of polite letters, and emphasized the social use, which was the great contribution to the school of nature and spirit ,and corrected the misunderstanding of former poets.The fifth chapter discusses the criticism and use for reference of mechanism .The theory of mechanism of Weng Fanggang was that writing poem should be based on the knowledge, stuffing evidences to the content of the poem, which misled the creation of scholar poem. Zhang Wentao was strongly against that, in his temperament opinion, the poem should express oneself, true feelings, strongly opposed using evidences and knowledge in the poem. Although Zhang Wentao opposed the style of piling literary quotation, he used the aspect of emphasizing knowledge in theory of mechanism of Weng. Zhang Wentao advocated more reading, and emphasized not to read books only, and to put knowledge into practice .He also emphasized that creating poem depended on the talent, the cultivation of studying ability and inspiration, that the talent gift should be developed by the acquired studying, which could keep the energy of creation.Zhang Wentao; verse of poetry theory; ancient literary; criticism ancient literature;...